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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5264_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Editors’ Bio
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 Nervous System Development
- •1.2.1 Spinal Cord Development
- •1.3 Touch and Pain
- •1.5 Artificial Brain and Neural Networks
- •1.5.1 Neural Networks
- •1.5.1.1 Biological Neural Networks
- •1.5.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- •1.6 Neurodegenerative Diseases
- •1.7 Drugs for Brain Disorders
- •1.8 Conclusion
- •References
- •2.1 Introduction
- •1.4 Memory and Learning
- •1.4.1 Types of Memory
- •2.2 Herbs Exhibiting Neuroprotective Properties
- •2.2.1 Ginkgo Biloba L.
- •2.2.2 Panax Ginseng
- •2.2.3 Bacopa Monnieri
- •2.2.4 Terminalia Chebula
- •2.2.5 Convolvulus Pluricaulis
- •2.3.1 Polyphenols
- •2.3.1.1 Flavonoids
- •2.3.1.2 Phenolic Acid
- •2.3.1.3 Tannins
- •2.3.2 Vitamins
- •2.3.3 Alkaloids
- •2.4 Conclusion
- •References
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 Etymology of MANA
- •3.2.1 Manovaha Srotas Kritya
- •3.2.3 Centres Located in Manas
- •3.3 Structural Qualities of Manas
- •3.4 Sensual Perception
- •3.4.2 Qualities of Mana
- •3.4.3 English Equivalent of Component & Functions
- •3.4.4 Characters of an Individual Derived in the Fetus From Manas
- •3.7.3 Ahiphena (Papaver Somniferum)
- •3.7.8 Tagara (Valeriana Wallichii)
- •3.7.11 Common Useful Herbs-Mineral Yogas of Psychotropic Drugs
- •3.8 Conclusion
- •References
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.5.1 Cell Line Studies
- •4.5.2 Animal Model Studies
- •4.5.3 Human Clinical Trials
- •4.7 Further Considerations
- •4.7.1 Food-Drug and Drug-Drug Interactions
- •4.8 Concluding Remarks
- •References
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Herbal Medicines in Health and Disease
- •5.4 Plants and Herbs With Nootropic Abilities
- •5.5 Plant Bioactive Compounds With Nootropic Activities
- •5.5 Conclusion
- •Terms and Abbreviations
- •References
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Therapeutic Potential of Indian Traditional Plants
- •6.2.1 Bacopa Monnnieri (L.) Pennell (Family: Plantaginaceae)
- •6.2.1.1 Neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s Disease
- •6.2.1.2 Neuroprotection in Parkinson’s Disease
- •6.2.2 Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban (Family: Apiaceae)
- •6.2.2.1 Neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s Disease
- •6.2.2.2 Neuroprotection in Parkinson’s Disease
- •6.2.3 Curcuma Longa L. (Family: Zingiberaceae)
- •6.2.3.1 Neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s Disease
- •6.2.3.2 Neuroprotection in Parkinson’s Disease
- •6.2.4 Withania Somnifera (L.) Dunal. (Family: Solanaceae)
- •6.2.4.1 Neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s Disease
- •6.2.4.2 Neuroprotection in Parkinson’s Disease
- •6.2.5 Nardostachys Jatamansi (D. Don) DC. (Family: Caprifoliaceae)
- •6.2.5.1 Neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s Disease
- •6.2.5.2 Neuroprotection in Parkinson’s Disease
- •6.3 Conclusion
- •References
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.2 Hippocampus
- •7.3 Acetylcholine
- •7.4 Dementia
- •7.5 Nootropics
- •7.5.1 Natural Nootropics
- •7.5.2 Allium Sativum (Family: Amaryllidaceae)
- •7.5.3 Asparagus Racemosus (Family: Asparagaceae)
- •7.5.4 Benincasa Hispida (Family: Cucurbitaceae)
- •7.5.5 Clitoria Ternatea (Family: Fabaceae)
- •7.5.6 Cyperus Rotundus (Family: Cyperaceae)
- •7.5.7 Embelia Ribes (Family: Primulaceae)
- •7.5.8 Huperzia Serrata (Family: Lycopodiaceae)
- •7.5.9 Marsilea Minuta (Family: Marsileaceae)
- •7.5.10 Piper Betel (Family: Piperaceae)
- •7.5.11 Polygala Tenuifolia (Family: Polygalaceae)
- •7.5.13 Vitis Vinifera (Family: Vitaceae)
- •7.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.2 Amyloidoses
- •8.3 Prion Diseases
- •8.4 Tauopathies
- •8.5 Alzheimer’s Disease
- •8.6 Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
- •8.7 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)
- •8.8 Cortico-Basal Degeneration (CBD)
- •8.9 Synucleinopathies
- •8.10 TDP-43 (Proteinopathies)
- •8.11 Approved Therapies
- •8.12 Marine Natural Products
- •8.13 Conclusion
- •References
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 Phytoconstituents of Walnut
- •9.2.1 Amino Acids
- •9.2.2 Dietary Fibre and Phytosterols
- •9.2.3 Minerals and Vitamins
- •9.2.4 Vitamin E
- •9.2.5 Vitamin B6
- •9.2.6 Vitamin B9
- •9.2.7 Minerals
- •9.3 Therapeutic Benefits of Brain Food
- •9.3.1 Cognitive Benefit
- •9.3.2 Ageing and Metabolic Effects On Brain Health
- •9.5.1 Animal Studies
- •9.5.2 Clinical Trials in Humans
- •9.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.2 Brief Attention On NDDs
- •10.2.1 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
- •10.2.2 Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
- •10.2.2.2 Neuropsychiatric Disorders
- •10.3 Conclusion and Outlook
- •References
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.2 Polyphenolsstructure and Classification
- •11.3 Neurodegenerative Disorders
- •11.4 Role of Plant Phenol On Neurochemistry
- •11.5.1 Alzheimer’s Disease
- •11.5.2 Parkinson’s Disease
- •11.5.3 Huntington’s Disease
- •11.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 Phytochemicals and Their Classification
- •12.2.1 Alkaloids
- •12.2.2 Phenolics
- •12.2.3 Terpenoids
- •12.2.4 Saponins
- •12.2.5 Phytosterols
- •12.2.6 Cardiac Glycoside
- •12.3 Phytochemical Extraction Techniques
- •12.3.1 Conventional Methods for Extraction
- •12.3.2 Modern Methods for Extraction
- •12.3.2.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
- •12.4.2 Phytochemicals as Nrf2 Activators in Autism Spectral Disorder (ASD)
- •12.5 Conclusion
- •Contribution of Authors
- •Conflict of Research Interests
- •References
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.2 Traditional Preparations and Formulations
- •13.2.1 Chyawanprash
- •13.2.2 Abana
- •13.2.3 Bramhi Ghrita
- •13.2.4 Memorin
- •13.2.5 Brain-O-Brain
- •13.2.6 Shimotsu-To
- •13.5 The Inclination for Natural Products Over Synthetics
- •13.7 Conclusion
- •References
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2 List of Edible Alkaloids
- •143 Biosynthesis of Tryptophan
- •14.4 Biosynthesis of Galantamine
- •14.5 General Biosynthesis of Indole Alkaloids (Figure 14.3)
- •14.6 Toxicity of Edible Alkaloids
- •14.7 Effect of β-Carboline On Memory & Behaviour
- •14.8 Effect of Murraya Koenigii On Memory & Behaviour
- •14.9 Effect of Anonaine On Memory & Behaviour
- •14.10 Conclusion
- •References
- •15 Caffeine and Motor Skills
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.1.1 Pharmacological Profile and Pharmacokinetics
- •15.1.2 Stimulant Properties
- •15.2 Motor Skills in Normal Subjects
- •15.2.1 Human Subjects
- •15.2.2 Mice and Rats
- •15.2.3 Human Development
- •15.2.4 Rodent Development
- •15.3 Drug Interactions
- •15.3.1 Ethanol
- •15.3.2 Other Sedatives and Benzodiazepines
- •15.3.3 Glutamate
- •15.3.4 Pesticides
- •15.4 Hypoxia/ischaemia and Hypoglycaemia
- •15.4.1 Hypoxia/ischaemia
- •15.4.2 Hypoglycaemia
- •15.5 Traumatic Injury
- •15.5.1 Brain Trauma
- •15.5.2 Spinal Trauma
- •15.6 Non-Cerebellar Neurodegenerative Diseases
- •15.6.1 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- •15.6.2 Parkinson’s Disease
- •15.6.3 Alzheimer’s Disease
- •15.7 Cerebellar Disorders
- •15.7.1 Episodic Ataxia Types 1 and 2
- •15.7.2 Spinocerebellar Atrophy
- •15.7.3 Ataxia Telangiectasia
- •15.7.4 Joubert Syndrome
- •15.8 Huntington’s Disease
- •15.9 Concluding Remarks
- •Acknowlegments
- •References
- •16 Melatonin and the Brain
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.2 Dietary Sources of Melatonin
- •16.2.1 Animal Foods
- •16.2.2 Plant Foods
- •16.2.3 Juices and Beverages
- •16.3 Bioavailability of Melatonin in Humans
- •16.4 Melatonin Synthesis and Metabolism
- •16.5 Pharmacokinetic Properties of Melatonin
- •16.6 Melatonin Receptors
- •16.6.1 MT1 Receptor
- •16.6.2 MT2 Receptor
- •16.6.3 MT3 Receptor
- •16.6.4 Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor (ROR)
- •16.7 Mechanism of Action of MT
- •16.8 Melatonin in the Central Nervous System
- •16.8.1 Neuroprotective Capacity
- •16.8.2 Anti-Ischaemic and Anti-Oxidative Effects of Melatonin
- •16.8.3 Anti-Oxidative Effects of Melatonin in Alzheimer’s Disease
- •16.9 Anti-Depressant-Like Action of Melatonin
- •16.10 Conclusion
- •References
- •17 Narcotics and Brain Health
- •17.1 Introduction
- •17.2 Biological Elements Make Addiction to Drugs More Likely
- •17.2.1 Environmental Risk Factors
- •17.2.2 Additional Elements Boost the Chances of Drug Addiction
- •17.3 Drugs Harm the Brain Cells Permanently
- •17.3.1 Opioid Overdose and Brain Injury
- •17.3.2 Alcoholic Effects On the Brain
- •17.3.3 Stimulant Effects On the Brain
- •17.4 Narcotics and Brain Health
- •17.5 How Do Narcotics Make You Feel Good?
- •17.5.1 Dopamine’s Role in Drug Use Reinforcement
- •17.8 Addiction: Is It Curable?
- •17.8.1 Is a Drug Relapse a Sign That Therapy Was Ineffective?
- •17.9 Devices and Medications for the Treatment of Drug Abuse
- •17.9.1 Treatment for Withdrawal
- •17.9.2 Remaining in Therapy
- •17.9.3 Avoiding Relapse
- •17.9.4 Treatment With Behavioural Therapy
- •17.11 Conclusion
- •References
- •18 Nutraceuticals in Brain Health
- •18.1 Introduction
- •18.4 Nutraceuticals in Alzheimer’s Disease
- •18.4.1 Apigenin and Luteolin
- •18.4.2 Flavonoids
- •18.4.3 Crocin
- •18.4.4 Carotenoids
- •18.4.5 Anthocyanidins
- •18.5 Nutraceuticals in Parkinson’s Disease
- •18.6 Nutraceuticals in Depression
- •18.7 Nutraceuticals in Multiple Sclerosis
- •18.8 Nutraceuticals in Hungtington’s Disease
- •18.9 Nutraceuticals in Psychotic Disorders
- •18.10.1 Nutraceuticals Enhance Biogenesis and Maintain Mitochondrial Health
- •18.11 Conclusion
- •References
- •19.1 Introduction
- •19.3 The Brainstem
- •19.4 The Development of the Medulla
- •19.5 The Development of the Midbrain
- •19.6 Role of Thyroid Hormone in Fetal Brain Development
- •19.8 Food
- •19.8.1 Dietary Guidelines During Pregnancy
- •19.9 Discussion
- •19.10 Conclusion
- •References

34
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
[36] Hausen, B. M. (1993). Centella asiatica (Indian pennywort), an effective therapeutic but a weak sen-
sitizer. Contact Dermatitis, 29(4), 175– 179.
at: www.unodc.org/ docume nts/ data- and- analy sis/ Stud ies/ opium- poppy- cult ivat ion- her oin- pro cess
ing- southe ast- asia.pdf.
[41] National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). “DrugFacts: Prescription Opioids”. NIDA.
[42] Lindequist, U. (1992). Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of the Tropics. Teubner, Stuttgart.
[43] Ratsch, C. (1998). The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its
Applications. Park Street Press.
[44] Sharma, P. V. (2003). Dravyaguna Vijnana. Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.
[45] Frawley, D., & Lad, V. (2001). The Yoga of Herbs: An Ayurvedic Guide to Herbal Medicine. Lotus
Press.
[46] Nadkarni, K. M. (1976). Indian Materia Medica. Popular Prakashan.
[47] Singh, N., & Nath, R. (1982). Herbal Drugs and their Metabolites in Biological Systems.
Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.
[48] Kulkarni, R. D. (1999). Ayurveda Chikitsa Rahasya.
[49] Sane, R. T. (2007). Ayurvedic Cure for Common Diseases. Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.
[50] Singh, R. H. (2007). A Text Book of Dravyaguna Vijnana. Chaukhambha Bharati Academy.
[51] Dymock, W., Warden, C. J. H., & Hooper, D. (1890). Pharmacographia Indica: A history of the prin-
cipal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India. Trench, Trübner & Co.
[52] Khare, C. P. (2007). Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary. Springer.
[53] Paranjpe, P. (2001). Indian Medicinal Plants: Forgotten Healers. Orient Blackswan.
[55] Shastri, P. V. (1983). Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sutra Sthana (Vol. 1). Chaukhamba Bharati
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[59] Sushruta. (1985). Sushruta Samhita. Chaukhamba Orientalia.
SpeCial referenCeS
Caraka Sanhita (ni.- 7, 8), (chi.- 9/ 3, 96,, 10- / 3,57,60,63,64)
Susruta sanhita(ut/ 60,62)
Astang sangrah
Astang hridaya (ut- 7)
Sharangdhar sanhita

35
A
ˉ
yurvedic Psychotropic Drugs and Their Effect on Manovaha Srotas
FIGURE 3.1
FIGURE 3.2 Maṇḍūkaparṇī (Centella asiatica).

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Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
FIGURE 3.3 Śankhapuṣpī (Convolvulus pleuricaulis Chois.).
FIGURE 3.4 Bhangā (Cannabis sativa).

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A
ˉ
yurvedic Psychotropic Drugs and Their Effect on Manovaha Srotas
FIGURE 3.5 Ahiphena (Papaver somniferum).
FIGURE 3.6 Dhaturā (Datura metel).

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Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
FIGURE 3.7 Vacā (Acorus calemus Linn.).

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A
ˉ
yurvedic Psychotropic Drugs and Their Effect on Manovaha Srotas
FIGURE 3.8 Aśwagandhā (Withenia somnifera).

40
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
FIGURE 3.9 Jyotiṣmatī (Celastrus paniculatus).

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A
ˉ
yurvedic Psychotropic Drugs and Their Effect on Manovaha Srotas
FIGURE 3.10 Tagara (Valeriana wallichii).

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Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
FIGURE 3.11 Yaṣṭhīmadhu (Glycyrrhiza Alabama).

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A
ˉ
yurvedic Psychotropic Drugs and Their Effect on Manovaha Srotas
FIGURE 3.12 Sarpgandhā (Rauvola serpentina).
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