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Файл:Английский язык для студентов юридических специальностей. English for law students. Часть 1
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131
§ 34 Приведение прилагательного к словарной форме
Для приведения к словарной форме прилагательного суффиксы –еr, -est
опускаются (при этом "i" переходит в "у"); прилагательное, имеющее особую
форму, принимает положительную степень.
Ex. 5 Напишите положительную степень прилагательных: heavier, least,
best, stronger, worse, lowest, more, further, higher, worst, less, fastest, most, easier,
better.
§ 35 Прилагательное и его сочетаемость
Сочетание типа "as + прилагательное + as" переводится: "такой же + при-
лагательное + как и ...".
The new method is as good as the old one. –
Новый метод такой же хороший, как и старый.
Сочетание типа "as + прилагательное + as possible" переводится: " как
можно + прилагательное в сравнительной степени":
This investigation must be as quick as possible. Это расследование должно быть проведено как можно быстрее.
Сочетание типа "not so + прилагательное + as" переводится: "не такой +
прилагательное + как ...":
This method is not so good as that one. – Этот метод не так хорош, как тот.
Сочетание типа "the + прилагательное (в сравнительной степени) + the +
прилагательное (в сравнительной степени)"переводится "чем + прилагательное (в
сравнительной степени) …, тем + прилагательное (в сравнительной степени)":
The more the better. – Чем больше, тем лучше.
Ex. 11 Переведите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на сте-
пень прилагательных:
... is more useful than ..., ... is higher than ..., ... is heavier than ..., ... is as important as ..., ... is not so important as..., ... is as difficult as ..., ... is not so difficult as
..., ... is as strong as possible, ... is as efficient as..., ... is not so efficient as ..., ... is
as deep as possible, ... is the deepest possible knowledge.
Ex. 12 Запомните следующие полезные выражения:
... as good as gold (золото)
... as old as the hills / the sea (холмы / море)
... as busy as a bee (пчела)
... as cold as ice (лед)
... as soft as butter (мягкий, как масло)
... as sweet as honey (мед)
... as bright as silver (серебро)
... as brave as a lion (лев)
... as changeable as the weather (изменчив, как погода)
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§ 36 Парные союзы both... and, either... or, neither... nor
1. Both you and I are students of the Law Institute.-
И вы, и я слушатели юридического института. (Как вы, так и я...)
2. I am going to take up either criminology or criminalistics. –
Я собираюсь заняться или криминологией, или криминалистикой.
3. Не can speak neither French nor English. - Он не умеет говорить ни по-
французски, ни по-английски.
Ex. 13 Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союзы: either ... or,
neither... nor, both ... and.
Новое слово: fiction n - беллетристика.
1. While going home by bus I was reading a very interesting book. It was nei-
ther fiction nor popular science. What was it? 2. A lawyer can work either as a barrister or as a judge. 3. Both my friend and I are future lawyers.
Ex. 14 Прочтите и пререведите текст.
Text for Reading
THE PROFESSION OF A LAWYER
Профессия юриста
One of the most popular professions among the young people of our country is the profession of a lawyer. In their opinion (and that is exactly
so) the legal profession is very interesting, diverse and quite necessary for regulation
of social relations in the state. A graduate from the law faculty or law institute may
choose his place of work and occupation from a number of possible ones. He can be
either a barrister (attorney, counsel for the defence) at the Bar or a judge at the Law
Court. He can be a prosecutor or a prosecutor's assistant at the Prosecutor's Office.
He can also be a notary at the notary office or a legal adviser at an enterprise or legal
advice office. He can be a state arbitrator at the state arbitration … or sometimes an
investigator at the Prosecutor's Office or in the organs of the militia.
A lawyer should be a perfect expert in laws and their proper usage. Since the
job of a lawyer may involve any kind of human activity, he may deal with different
types of people. Therefore last but not least a lawyer should be competent in human
psychology and human understanding.
So it is clear that the profession of a lawyer may give a specialist a lot of opportunities to use his professional and personal competence and therefore he must administer justice only for the sake of "truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth".
It must be interesting to note the peculiarities of the legal profession in England.
One may find there two separate professions - solicitors and barristers.
The solicitor is probably the more ancient profession descending with notaries
and attorneys on Elizabethan's times and even earlier. There is no hard and fast line
between the work of the solicitor and the work of a barrister. In general, however, it
is possible to say that solicitors can undertake legal business for lay clients and represent them in the lower courts, while barristers can advise on legal problems through
solicitors and conduct legal proceedings in the higher courts. The party must have
both a solicitor and a barrister and it is the solicitor who should instruct the barrister
133
on his client's behalf in his "brief" to the barrister. Only on the introduction of the so-
-al -ent
social
different
-ly
legal
competent
ex
actly
profe
s
sional
evident
nearly
personal
-ic
educ
a
tional
specific
licitor can a client employ a barrister (counsel). A barrister must reach the proper
educational standard and pass special examinations at the Council of Legal Education.
Judges are not themselves the separate profession. They are usually former barristers from the ranks of the Bar. The judge should decide the interpretation of the
law. But only the Jury can decide all questions of fact in serious criminal and civil
cases. Members of the jury are usually laymen. In England a jury can return only one
of two verdicts: "guilty" or "not guilty". The counsel for the prosecution is an indispensable and integral part of the English trial as well. He should prove the guilt of
the accused beyond a reasonable doubt.
That is a short and quite incomplete account of the peculiarities of the legal profession in England.
Can you compare its specific features here in this country and in England? You
can discuss the problem in detail at your seminars of "State and Law of Foreign
Countries".
Упражнения в чтении
Ex. 15 Просмотрите следующие слова, обращая внимание на суф-
фиксы. Вспомните их значения. Переведите.
NOUNS (Что? Кто?)
-tion, -sion -ture -ence,-ance -ity
regulation feature competence activity
action culture evidence opportunit
y
education future science peculiarity
interpretation picture sentence university
relation defence
occupation
-er, -or
innocence
-ant, -ent
arbitration lawyer observance assistant
question barrister
solution adviser
согл. +y
consultant
student
profession defender faculty client
prosecution procurator notary defendant
consultation prosecutor psychology
introduction arbitrator economy
-ness
examination investigator study business
globalization solicitor party
ADJECTIVES (Какой?) ADVERBS (Как?)
134
special
economic
criminal
integral
-
able
indispens
a
ble
-
ible
reaso
n
able
possible
Ex. 16 Прочтите и переведите следующие слова, обращая внимание на
суффиксы и префиксы.
popular-popularity
law - lawyer - lawful - lawfulness - unlawfulness
necessary – necessity
graduate - graduation
occupy - occupation - occupier - occupant
possible - possibility - possibly
assist - assistant - assistance
impossible - impossibility - impossibly
consult - consultant - consultation
prosecute - prosecution - prosecutor
administer - administration - administrator - administrative
legal - legalize - legality – illegal
defense - defend - defendant - defender
Ex. 17 Answer the questions.
1. Can you agree that the profession of a lawyer is very interesting, diverse and
necessary?
2. Where may a lawyer choose his place of work?
3. What occupation can he choose?
4. Should a lawyer be competent in human psychology?
5. How must a lawyer administer justice?
6. What are the peculiarities of the legal profession in England?
Ex. 18 Перескажите текст в соответствии со следующим планом:
1. The legal profession as one of the most popular present-day professions.
2. The choice of places of work and occupation for a lawyer.
3. The duties of a barrister, a prosecutor, a prosecutor's assistant, an investigator,
a notary, a legal adviser, a state arbitrator, a judge.
4. The job of a lawyer and his administration of justice.
5. The peculiarities of the legal profession in England.
Контрольные задания
Task I. Ответьте на вопросы, используя материал урока.
What are the opportunities in the profession of a lawyer?
In which way must a lawyer administer justice?
What are the specific features of the legal profession in England?
Task II. Выполните письменно лексический тест 7. Проверьте правиль-
ность ответов по ключу. Определите эффективность своей работы.
135
Translate into English
1. адвокат
2. преследовать судебным порядком
3. суд
4. нотариус
5. осуществлять (отправлять) правосудие
6. вина
7. законность
8. юрисконсульт
9. выбирать
10. правильное применение и
соблюдение закона
Translate into Russian
1. this solicitor
2. lower courts
3. jury
4. peculiarity
5. higher courts
6. legal proceedings
7. brief
8. integral
9. to employ
10. on one’s behalf
11. party
11. прокурор
Task III. Дайте сравнительную или превосходную степень прилагательного в скобках. Проверьте правильность ответов по ключу. Определите
эффективность своей работы.
1. Russia is (large) than Germany.
2. The traffic in Omsk is (heavy) than in Kalachinsk.
3. Crime prevention is often (difficult) than crime prevention.
4. The profession of a lawyer is one of the (popular) professions.
5. The solicitor is an (ancient) profession than a barrister.
6. He possesses (deep) knowledge among all the students of our group.
7. It was (short) possible interrogation.
8. Honesty is (good) policy.
Task IV. Составьте письменный рассказ “Мы должны осуществлять
правосудие, руководствуясь законами / We should administer justice properly”.
136
Appendix
ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОГО ЧТЕНИЯ
WHO AND WHAT IS SHERLOCK HOLMES ?
Предварительные упражнения
I. Просмотрите текст, найдите и выпишите:
1. Существительные с суффиксами, обозначающими исполнителя дейст-
вия: -er, -or, -ist, -ent, -ее, -an.
2. Существительные с суффиксами: -sion, -tion, -ment, -ing, -age.
3. Существительные с суффиксами: -аnсе, -ence, -у.
4. Прилагательные с суффиксами: -ful, -less, -ic, -ry, -al, -ant, -ing, -ar, -ate,
-ous.
5. Наречия с суффиксом: -1у.
II. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов to begin, to
employ, to play, to detect, to write, to consult, to know, to teach, to collect, to
describe.
III. Догадайтесь о значении выделенных слов:
art — artist; talent — talented; think — thought — thoughtful; to consult
— consulting — consultant — consultation; strange — strangely; correct —
correctly; systematic — unsystematic — (un)systematically; necessary — unnecessary; use — useless — useful; different — difference.
137
IV. Догадайтесь о значении выделенных слов из контекста.
Сказуемое
… …
… … … … …
1. Sherlock Holmes is a consulting detective, i. e.27 a detective who is to give
consultations on crime detection.
2. M. Lomonosov was a man of universal abilities: he was a scientist, an artist
and a poet at the same time.
3. History is my favourite subject, i. e. the subject which I am very fond of.
4. Pushkin’s poetry is famous throughout the world.
5. Future lawyers are to study Criminal Law extremely well.
6. To diagnose is to determine (определить) the person’s illness.
V. Заполните схему:
Conan Doyle is a famous English writer.
VI. Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопросы:
1. What kind of detective was Sherlock Holmes?
2. Who was Sherlock Holmes’s friend?
3. What field of science was Sherlock Holmes a specialist in?
4. Was he a good violinist and a very good boxer?
5. Why is the name of Sherlock Holmes so popular with the readers?
WHO AND WHAT IS SHERLOCK HOLMES?
Sherlock Holmes is a popular detective, the main character of fifty-five detective
stories by Conan Doyle, the famous (известный) English writer (1859-1930).
In his stories Sherlock Holmes is a consulting non - government
detective. Sherlock Holmes was the only man who was able to give a
consultation of great value (цена, ценность) in crime detection. He
was able to find a murderer (убийца) when government detectives,
the police of Scotland Yard, were unable to do that.
The main reason (причина) for Sherlock Holmes’s quick and
accurate crime detection was his good knowledge of the history of crime, criminalistics and criminology. Although (хотя) his knowledge of anatomy and medicine was
unsystematic, he was especially good at chemistry and soil (почва) identification. He
was able to tell at once the difference between two or more sorts of soil, to tell everything about every murder (убийство) of the last hundred years.
At the same time «...his ignorance was as surprising (удивительный) as his
knowledge» according to Dr. Watson’s words.
Besides he was a good violinist (скрипач) and a very good boxer. It was his
hobby. This is Conan Doyle’s description (описание) of Sherlock Holmes as a detective. «He is a penetrating (проницательный) man with a sharp (острый) eye
(зд. взгляд). He is a doctor and an artist at the same time. He is able to set free
(освобождать) his mind from the weight (груз) of unnecessary trifles (пустяки) in
order to detect a criminal and solve crime».
Here are some more details of Sherlock Holmes’s nature. Usually he was full of
energy but sometimes he was strangely weak (слабый). It was useless to guess
27
i. e. (id est лат. то есть) — that is (English)
138
(догадаться) his thoughts. Everything in his behaviour (поведение) was strange.
His motto (девиз) was to observe (наблюдать) properly (должным образом)
and make a correct conclusion (вывод).
His own opinion (мнение) was: «My profession itself is extremely
(чрезвычайно) practical and extremely important».
Sherlock Holmes was a man of universal abilities. He was a thoughtful, thor-
ough (скрупулезный) investigator who was ready at any time to help a man.
Now the following data are to shed light on Doyle’s life story. The famous writer
and doctor by profession Arthur Conan Doyle was born in 1859 in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Arthur was the eldest son in the family and it was necessary for him to help his
mother to keep house (вести хозяйство). She was to take care of (заботиться о) a
large family. His father was an employee (служащий). The boy’s main interests at
school were poetry and classics. He was fond of Walter Scott, Stivenson and other
writers. His wish of study was very strong. When he was a student of the Edinburgh
University his tutor (наставник) was Professor Bell.
Bell was a great specialist in the art of medicine. He was like some Indian magi-
cian (маг) in this field of science because he was able to diagnose his patients at first
sight (взгляд) without careful examination. Then he was able to tell everything about
his patient’s past life without a single (один, единственный) word of the man about
himself.
Conan Doyle’s first book about Sherlock Holmes was under the great influence
(влияние) of the image of his talented teacher, (perhaps Bell was Sherlock Holmes’s
prototype). At the same time Arthur Conan Doyle was a favourite pupil of Bell. Professor Bell was always ready to give Doyle some new ideas for his future detective
stories.
The beginning of Doyle’s career as a writer was his first detective stories in 1879.
His famous detective stories are: «The Adventures (приключение) of Sherlock
Holmes», «The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes», «The Hound of the Baskervilles»,
«The Valley (долина) of Fear», «The Man with a Twisted (рассеченный) Lip»,
«The Sign (знак) of the Four», «The Speckled Band» («Пестрая лента») and many
others.
The image of Sherlock Holmes was so popular that many people were of the
opinion he was a real person and was able to detect criminals and solve any crime.
That’s why some of the readers were ready to ask Holmes’s qualified help in their
letters to No 221-B Baker Street, London — Dr. Watson’s and Sherlock Holmes's
address. On the other hand, some readers were of the same opinion about Conan
Doyle himself. And they were not really mistaken because of Conan Doyle’s real
help in one case (дело).
Conan Doyle’s and Sherlock Holmes’s sympathy (сочувствие) was always on
the side (сторона) of honest and poor people.
The name of Conan Doyle is very popular with the readers all over the world.
Conan Doyle’s stories of adventure and detection were, are and will always be of
great interest for Russian readers as well.
139
Дополнительные упражнения к тексту
VII. Найдите предложение, которое соответствует содержанию тек-
ста.
1. Образ Шерлока Холмса был настолько популярен, что многие люди придерживались мнения, что это существующая личность и что он может раскрыть
любое преступление и найти преступников.
2. Сочувствие Конан Дойля и Шерлока Холмса всегда было на стороне честных и бедных людей.
VIII. Найдите одно предложение из текста среди данных предложений:
1. As a rule, a man’s brain (мозг) is full of knowledge, full of scientific information, most of which is not important to him in his work. (Sherlock Holmes’s opinion).
2. It is very important to have only useful scientific facts in our brains.
3. Sherlock Holmes was ignorant of the theory of the solar (солнечный) system
because the science of astronomy was of no importance to him.
4. His motto was to observe properly and make a correct conclusion.
IX. Какие из следующих утверждений соответствуют содержанию тек-
ста?
1. «The Man With the Twisted Lip» is a historical novel.
2. Conan Doyle was an engineer by profession.
3. Sherlock Holmes was a government investigator.
4. Conan Doyle is a famous American writer.
5. Dr. Watson’s and Sherlock Holmes’s address is No 221-B Baker Street, New
York.
X. Дайте оценку следующим утверждениям, используя слова “True” (T),
“False” (F) and “Sometimes” (Smt).
1. Sherlock Holmes is the main character of historical novels.
2. The police of Scotland Yard were unable to find a criminal.
3. The main reason for Sherlock Holmes’s quick and accurate crime detection
was good practice.
4. «The Hound of the Baskervilles» is of great interest for the Russian readers.
5. Sherlock Holmes was Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
6. Conan Doyle’s stories of adventure and detection were, are and will always be
in the centre of reader’s attention.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Предварительные упражнения
I. Просмотрите текст, найдите существительные со следующими суф-
фиксами:
1. -er, -ed, -ness denoting a doer;
2. -tion, -ment, -ty, -ence, -ance;
3. nouns formed from the verbs: to punish, to describe, to administer, to prose-
cute. Translate these nouns without a dictionary.
140
II. Найдите прилагательные со следующими суффиксами: -al, -able, -ous, -
ant, -ing, -ate.
III. Догадайтесь о значении выделенных слов: to speak - speech, nature -
natural, to defend - defence, guilt - guilty.
IV. Догадайтесь о значении выделенных слов, опираясь на контекст :
l. The superbook Bible is one of the earliest books in the world. 2. Solomon,
king of the Jews (from the Bible), was very clever and just. He was so famous for his
justice that many people were coming to him to solve their problems and arguments.
3. "Hearsay evidence" is indirect evidence, i.e. evidence from somebody's words. 4.
To consider a verdict is to make the decision on somebody's guilt or innocence. 5.
During the investigation a police officer should take interest in the suspect's past re-
cord of crime that is the list of his previous crimes.
VI. Прочтите текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. How must a newspaper describe the accused in England? 2. What is the counsel
for the prosecution going to prove by evidence? 3. Whom is the barrister defending? 4. What is the main function of the jury? 5. What are the other three people of
importance for the trial?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
A natural question is, what is "justice" and what is "criminal
justice"? There is a definition of the word "justice" in the Oxford
Universal Dictionary which you can read at the bottom (дно, низ) of
the page28. And you can also see there the definition of the term
"criminal justice"29 as it is in the minds of the most law-abiding citizens
(гражданин, уважающий закон).
It is law courts that are to administer criminal justice in England. Perhaps criminal trial in the law courts of England is not so different from criminal trials in
Europe. Still it's interesting to note that in England newspapers mustn't describe the
accused as the "thief" (вор) or the murderer, he is "the accused", "the defendant" or
"the prisoner" (подсудимый, арестованный).
Here is a description of a criminal trial in England.
First the counsel for the prosecution should tell the court what he is going to
prove by evidence in his opening statement. Then he is calling his witnesses and the
plaintiff (истец). These persons can say what they are having in answers to questions, so the examination of witnesses is very important.
Then the barrister or the counsel for the defence is to defend the prisoner. He is
28
The quality (качество) of being (morally) just or righteous (справедливый); the principle of just dealing; just
conduct; integrity, rectitude (честность, высокая нравственность). - Качество быть (морально) справедливым
или правым; принцип справедливого обращения, правильного поведения, честности, высокой нравственности.
29
The administration of law, or the forms and processes attending it, infliction (назначение) of punishment, legal
vengeance (зд. возмездие) of the offender. Применение закона или форм и процессов, свойственных этому применению, назначение правонарушителю наказания, возмездия на основе закона.
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