Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:English for Law Enforcement Professionals (Английский язык для сотрудников правоохранительных органов). Ч.1. Учебное пособие
.pdf
the highest appellate tribunals of the states in criminal and civil cases and
in law and equity, are generally called supreme courts. Some courts hear
only specific disputes – for example, juvenile courts, tax courts or probate
courts.
In some states, judges are publicly elected, in others they are appoint-
ed, by state governors or by special bodies such as judicial councils –
though except at the lowest levels only lawyers are eligible for election or
appointment. Some judges hold office for fixed periods, but others are installed for life or up to a retiring age; or there may be provision for “recall”.
Словарь:
1. minor court – суд низшей инстанции
2. to dispose of – рассматривать дело, урегулировать
3. offense – правонарушение
4. to preside over – председательствовать на
5. justice of the peace – мировой судья
6. rural area – сельская местность
7. to adjudicate local matters – выносить решения по вопросам,
находящимся в ведении местного самоуправления
8. traffic violations – нарушение правил дорожного движения
9. award – решение (суда)
10. intermediate – промежуточный, средний
11. equity – справедливость
12. juvenile court – суд по делам несовершеннолетних
13. tax court – суд по налоговым делам
14. probate court – суд по вопросам наследования имущества
15. state governor – губернатор штата
16. judicial council – совет по вопросам судебной практики
17. eligible – имеющий право
18. to install – официально вводить в должность
19. retiring age – возраст, установленный для выхода в отставку
20. to recall – отозвание (судьи и т.п.).
231
16.26. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты слов и выражений:
1. district courts
2. to preside
3. tax courts
4. the courts of limited
5. custom courts
6. to be unanimous
7. court martial
8. minorcourts
a) председательствовать
b) таможенные суды
c) окружные суды
d) трибунал (военный) jurisdiction
e) суды с ограниченной юрисдикцией
f) налоговые суды
g) быть единодушным
h) суды низшей инстанции
1. crime
2. to include
3. justice of the peace
4. claim
5. to differ
6. to appeal
7. to retire
8. to preside
9. court of first instance
10. minor court
a) magistrate
b) to vary
c) to involve
d) to head
e) suit
f) to leave the service
g) trial court
h) lower court
i) offence
j) to protest
1. различаться в зависимости от штата
2. суд по делам несовершеннолетних
3. мировой судья
4. нарушение правил дорожного движения
5. по закону и справедливости
6. имеющий право быть назначенным
7. суд последней инстанции
8. урегулировать спор
9. промежуточные апелляционные суды
10. суд по налоговым делам
11. мелкое правонарушение
12. вопросы местного самоуправления
13. суд по вопросам наследования имущества.
16.27. Соедините эквиваленты:
16.28. Подберите синонимы к словам:
232
16.29. Соотнесите термин и определение:
1. The Supreme Court
2. Court of Appeals
3. Police court
4. Bankruptcy court
5. Court of Claims
6. Court-martial
a) A court of law for small crimes
b) The most important court in the coun-
try or in somestates of the USA
c) A court of law that deals with situa-
tions in which abusiness or a person
becomes unable to pay their debts
d) The USA federal court established in
1855 to hear monetary claims against
the United States overnment, based on
claims referred by Congress
e) A military court for trying offenses of
the Uniform Code of Military Justice
by members of the armed services
f) f. one of the 12 law courts in the USA
that deals withcases when people are
not satisfied with the decision given by
a lower court
16.30. Дополните текст словами и переведите:
Constitution, Criminal cases, decision, District court, judge, jury, po-
lice courts, crime
The lowest courts in the federal system are the____________ with
about two hundred district judges.
These courts handle both civil and ___________. By the__________
they are required to give a jury trial in allcases except civil cases involving
less than twenty dollars.
The district courts have original jurisdiction in all cases. Criminal
cases are tried by a __________ sitting with a jury. The __________ must
hear the evidence,the speeches of prosecuting counsel and defending counsel and then reach a unanimous _________ as to whether the accused is
guilty or not of the _______ heis charged with. Each state of the USA has
at least one district court. And each court has from one to twenty four
judges.
Besides, all the states have their own courts, including a
___________, superior courts and local courts. In most states the lowest
courts are the magistrates or _________.
233
16.31. Соотнесите слова с определениями:
the accused, court reporter, witness, policeman, jury, judge, defence
lawyer,prosecutor, junior defence lawyer
1. Somebody who has been charged with committing a crime.
2. A professional who decides how a criminal should be punished.
3. A professional who speaks for the accused and advises him / her in
court.
4. Somebody who has seen a crime happen.
5. A professional who assists the lawyer of the accused.
6. A group of people in court who decide whether somebody is inno-
cent or guilty.
7. Somebody whose job is to deter people from committing crimes
and to arrest those who break the law.
8. A professional who represents the state in court.
9. Somebody who notes down that is said in court.
16.32. Верны ли утверждения? Прокомменируйте их:
1. The US Supreme Court is composed of six judges, who are called
Law Lords.
2. The decisions of the Supreme Court are binding for all lower
courts.
3. The courts of the federal judiciary hear both civil and criminal
cases appealed from state courts.
4. There are 94 federal districts courts in the USA.
5. A jury is a group of three, five or sometimes seven persons.
6. Some of the states have their own independent systems of courts.
7. In all states judges are elected and hold office for fixed periods.
8. A policeman is a professional who represents the state in court.
9. An accused is somebody who has been charged with committing a
crime.
10. The district courts have original jurisdiction in all cases.
11. Police court can consider criminal cases.
12. The Court of Appeals has only appellate jurisdiction.
234
16.33. Выберите правильный ответ:
1. The United States is divided into ______ districts, or circuits, and
within each are federal district courts.
a) 24
b) 50
c) 12
d) 94
e) 16.
2. The US Supreme Court has _____ justices.
a) 9
b) 8
c) 12
d) 14
e) 24.
3. The court hearing only specific dispute is _________.
a) police court
b) magistrate court
c) juvenile court
d) district court
e) municipal court.
4. The lowest courts in the federal system are the ________.
a) trial courts
b) district courts
c) state courts
d) federal courts
e) municipal courts.
5. A group of people in court who decide whether somebody is inno-
cent or guilty is called __________.
a) judges
b) justices
c) magistrates
d) jury
e) policemen.
6. A ______________ is the process of examining a case in a court
of law and deciding whether someone is guilty or innocent.
235
a) jurisdiction
b) appeal
c) prosecuting
d) evidence
e) trial.
7. The judge will hear the next ____________ after lunch.
a) case
b) charge
c) matter
d) trial
e) dispute.
8. District court cases are heard by ________.
a) a judge
b) a judge and a jury
c) a jury
d) a magistrate
e) a Chief Justice.
9. All the federal judges are appointed________.
a) for ten years
b) for life
c) for two years
d) for seven year
e) for four years.
10. Most crimes and violations of private life, civil law cases are
matters for _________.
a) state court adjudication
b) the US Supreme Court adjudication
c) tax court adjudication
d) district court adjudication
e) municipal court adjudication.
16.34. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. How many levels is the US Judiciary divided into?
2. What cases do federal district courts handle?
3. Who appoints Federal district court judges?
4. What is the head of the judicial power in the USA?
236
5. Who does the Supreme Court consist of?
6. What are the duties of Justices?
7. What jurisdiction does the Court of Appeals have?
8. How many Courts of Appeals are there in the USA?
9. What is the role of the lowest courts in the federal system?
10. What kind of cases do they try?
11. Is a jury trial provided in all cases?
16.35. Объедините материал всего урока и составьте топик о
судебной системе США.
237
Тема 17. Судебная система Великобритании
17.1. Выучите слова:
1. claim for injunction – требование судебного запрета
2. a defendant – обвиняемый, подсудимый, ответчик
3. a prosecutor – обвинитель, прокурор
4. a claimant – истец
5. to find smb. guilty – признать кого-либо виновным
6. to find smb. not guilty – признать кого-либо невиновным
7. to find smb. liable – признать кого-либо подлежащим ответст-
венности (в гражданском процессе)
8. to convict – осудить
9. to acquit – оправдать
10. to have a criminal record – иметь судимость
11. to charge smb. with a criminal offence – предъявить обвинение
в совершении преступления
12. judgement for the claimant – решение в пользу истца
13. burden of proof – бремя доказывания
14. standard of proof – критерий / степень доказанности
15. to prove guilt “beyond reasonable doubt” – доказать вину «вне
всякого разумного сомнения»
16. to prove a case “on a balance of probabilities” – доказать дело,
основываясь «на соотношении вероятностей».
17.2. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
The System of Law in the UK
The study of law distinguishes between public law and private law,
but in legal practice in the UK the distinction between civil law and criminal law is more important to practising lawyers. Public law relates to the
state and is concerned with laws which govern processes in local and national government conflicts between an individual and the state. Private
law is concerned with the relationships between individuals and corporations, and includes family law, contract law, property law, etc.
238
Criminal law deals with certain forms of conduct for which the state
reserves punishment, for example murder or theft. The state prosecutes the
offender. Civil law concerns relationships between private persons, their
rights and duties. It also deals with the conduct which may give rise to a
claim by a legal person for compensation or injunction. When it comes to
prosecution under the laws of the country it’s common to speak about
criminal offence but civil wrongs.
Criminal and civil proceedings are usually very different. In a crimi-
nal proceeding a prosecutor prosecutes a defendant. If the verdict is
“guilty”, the defendant is convicted. He will have a criminal record for the
crime and will be punished by one of a variety of punishments ranging
from life imprisonment to a fine, which is paid to a court. If the defendant
is found “not guilty”, he is acquitted and allowed to leave court without
punishment.
In civil cases a claimant sues a defendant or brings a claim against
him. The proceeding may result in judgement for the claimant, which
means that the defendant is found liable and the judge may order the defendant to pay damages.
The duty to prove a case is called the burden of proof. In criminal
cases the burden of proof falls on the prosecution. In other words it’s the
duty of the prosecution to prove guilt, the defendant doesn’t have to prove
his innocence. This principle is called the presumption of innocence, which
means that every person charged with a criminal offence is considered to
be innocent until proved guilty.
The degree of proof which makes the court sure that the person is
guilty is called the standard of proof. The standard of proof is higher in a
criminal action than in a civil one since the penalties are stricter. In a crim-
inal case a prosecution must prove the guilt of a criminal “beyond reasona-
ble doubt”, which means that the prosecution must make the court sure that
the defendant committed the crime. If the court is not sure or has a reason
for the doubt, it must acquit the defendant.
In a civil action the burden of proof is on the claimant. He is required
to prove his case “on a balance of probabilities”, i.e. to show that his case
239
is more probable than not. But he doesn’t have to make the court sure
about it; it’s enough to show that the defendant was probably guilty.
One and the same offence may sometimes result in both kinds of
prosecution, civil and criminal. For example, the driver who injured a
passer-by will not only face criminal penalties imposed by a criminal court
but may have to pay compensation for injuries ordered by a civil court.
17.3. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам и
выражениям из текста:
1) criminal offence
2) civil wrong
3) criminal proceeding
4) civil proceeding
5) prosecution
6) defendant
7) claimant
8) criminal record
9) to pay damages
10) burden of proof
11) standard of proof
12) presumption of innocence
13) to charge smb. with a criminal offence
14) to prove the guilt “beyond reasonable doubt”
15) to prove a case “on a balance of probabilities”.
17.4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты:
1) судебный запрет
2) осудить
3) оправдать
4) признать виновным
5) пожизненное заключение
6) штраф
7) подавать в суд, предъявлять иск
8) решение в пользу истца
9) доказывать вину
10) доказывать невиновность.
240
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]