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Файл:ENGLISH FOR IT. Учебное пособие
.pdf
Unit 2. Programming Languages
1
МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Федеральное государственное автономное
образовательное учреждение высшего образования
«ЮЖНЫЙ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
Инженерно-технологическая академия
О. А. ЗАБЛОЦКАЯ
Э. А. СИДЕЛЬНИК
А. А. ОПРЫШКО
ENGLISH FOR IT
Учебное пособие
Ростов-на-Дону – Таганрог
Издательство Южного федерального университета
2023
2
УДК 811.11(075.8)
ББК 81.2 Англ-92
З-124
Печатается по решению кафедры иностранных языков Института
управления в экономических, экологических и социальных системах
Южного федерального университета
(протокол № 10 от 15 мая 2023 г.)
Рецензенты:
кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков
Института управления в экономических, экологических и социальных
системах Южного федерального университета А. С. Трач
заведующая кафедрой английского языка Таганрогского института
имени А. П. Чехова (филиала) ФГБОУ ВО «РГЭУ (РИНХ)»,
кандидат филологических наук, доцент О. В. Кравец
Заблоцкая, О. А.
З-124 ENGLISH FOR IT : учебное пособие / О. А. Заблоцкая, Э. А. Си-
дельник, А. А. Опрышко ; под общей редакцией Г. А. Краснощековой ;
Южный федеральный университет. – Ростов-на-Дону ; Таганрог : Издательство Южного федерального университета, 2023. – 183 с.
ISBN 978-5-9275-4588-9
Учебное пособие «ENGLISH FOR IT» предназначено для студентов
направлений подготовки и специальностей, связанных со сферой информационных технологий. Цель учебного пособия – развитие профессиональной иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции студентов. Работа с предлагаемым учебным
пособием даст студентам возможность совершенствовать профессиональную компоненту образования в области информационных технологий при изучении дисциплины «Иностранный язык для деловой коммуникации». Данное учебное пособие также может быть использовано студентами других направлений подготовки
и специальностей, широким кругом лиц, имеющих достаточный уровень сформированности лингвистической компетенции, интересующихся проблемами информационных технологий.
УДК 811.11(075.8)
ББК 81.2 Англ-92
ISBN 978-5-9275-4588-9
© Южный федеральный университет, 2023
© Заблоцкая О. А., Сидельник Э. А.,
Опрышко А. А., 2023
© Оформление. Макет. Издательство
Южного федерального университета, 2023
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
3
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ …………………………………………..…………...
Unit 1. COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND SOFTWARE ………..
Unit 2. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES …………………………….
Unit 3. GRAPHIC DESIGN ……………………………………………
Unit 4. MULTIMEDIA …………………………………………………
Unit 5. TELECOMMUNICATION …………………………………….
Unit 6. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ...…………………….……….
Unit 7. CLOUD COMPUTING ………………………………….……..
Unit 8. BIG DATA ...…………………………………………….……..
Unit 9. THE INTERNET OF THINGS .………………………………
Unit 10. INFORMATION SECURITY …...……………………………
APPENDIX ……………………………………………………………..
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ .……………………………………………
4
5
21
39
52
67
81
99
116
132
149
166
181
4
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Учебное пособие «ENGLISH FOR IT» призвано обеспечить формиро-
вание и развитие профессионально ориентированной иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции студентов направлений подготовки и специальностей, связанных со сферой информационных технологий.
Разработанное авторами учебное пособие написано с учетом рабочей
программы дисциплины «Иностранный язык для деловой коммуникации»
и предназначено как для индивидуальной и групповой работы в аудитории,
так и для самостоятельной работы студентов.
Пособие содержит десять тематических разделов (Units): COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE AND SOFTWARE, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES,
GRAPHIC DESIGN, MULTIMEDIA, TELECOMMUNICATION, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, CLOUD COMPUTING, BIG DATA, THE INTERNET OF THINGS, INFORMATION SECURITY. Каждый раздел состоит из
следующих подразделов: Lead In – вводная часть, знакомящая студентов с
проблематикой раздела. Useful vocabulary – работа с определениями основных терминов раздела. Useful Grammar – тренировка основных грамматических явлений раздела. Specialist Reading – чтение оригинальных текстов
по теме раздела. Все тексты являются аутентичными, они сокращены, но не
адаптированы. Language in Use – выполнение лексических упражнений.
Подразделы Speaking и Writing содержат упражнения для развития навыков
устной и письменной речи, целью которых является развитие творческого
мышления студентов, которые получат мотивацию для дальнейшего изучения и критического осмысления обсуждаемых проблем.
Авторы пособия благодарят рецензентов – кандидата филологических
наук, заведующую кафедрой английского языка Таганрогского института
имени А. П. Чехова (филиала) ФГБОУ ВО «РГЭУ (РИНХ)» О. В. Кравец,
кандидата филологических наук, доцента кафедры иностранных языков
ИУЭС ЮФУ А. С. Трач, коллектив кафедры иностранных языков Института управления в экономических, экологических и социальных системах
Южного федерального университета в лице заведующей кафедрой иностранных языков Г. А. Краснощековой за ценные предложения и методические рекомендации.
Авторы с благодарностью примут все замечания и пожелания и учтут
их в дальнейшей работе.
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
5
UNIT 1
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND SOFTWARE
LEAD-IN
1. Follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-M6lANfzFsM to
watch “The History of Computing” and learn about the evolution of computing. While watching the video pick out the main steps in the history of computing.
2. Watch the video again and match the scientists with their contributions to the development of computing and the period when these contributions took place.
Scientists or
Companies
Contributions
Period
1
Herman Hollerith
Chinese abacus
1958
2
Blaise Pascal
First mechanical adding machine
(The Pascaline)
1642
3
Gottfried Lienniz
Binary arithmetic
1660 – early 1700s
4
Charles Babbage
Mechanical calculating engines
1800s
The difference engine
The late 1800s
The Analytical calculating engine
1830
5
The algorithm that calculates
Bernoulli numbers
1954
Data analysis, looping and
memory addressing
1800s
6
Bell Labs
The census tabulator
3000BC
7
Jay Forrester
The concept of a universal machine
1936
8
IBM
The first programmable computer
1800s
The Z4
1971
9
Alan Turing with colleagues
The Mark 1
1937
10
Intel
The first computer bug
The late 1930s
The first computer compiler
1950s
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
6
Scientists or
Companies
Contributions
Period
11
John Atanasoff
The first digital computer
1937–1942
12
Jack Kilby
Colossus
1943
13
Alan Turing
ENIAC
1946
14
Douglas Engelbart
EDVAC
1936
Computer virology
1950s
15
IBM
The TRADIC
1954
16
Howard Aiken
The random-access magnetic core store
1820
17
Von Neumann
The first hard driver
1957
18
John Backus
Fortran
1950
19
Ada Lovelace
The integrated circuit
1971
20
Konrad Zuse
The mouse
1964
21
Grace Hopper
The floppy disc
1951
22 DRAM
1942
USEFUL VOCABULARY
3. To be able to discuss the main features, peculiarities and types of
computer hardware and software we need to study the following terminology and professional vocabulary.
Adware (n) [ˈædweə(r)] – software that automatically puts advertisements
onto a computer screen when a person is using the internet.
Algorithm (n) ['ælg(ə)rɪð(ə)m] – a series of mathematical steps, especially
in a computer programme, which will give you the answer to a particular kind of
problem or question.
Bug (n) [bʌg] – an error in a computer program or system.
Bus (n) [bʌs] – a distinct set of conductors carrying data and control signals
within a computer system, to which pieces of equipment may be connected in
parallel.
Chassis (n) [ʃæ'si:] – the frame, base of a device, equipment or a vehicle
onto which the metal covering is fixed.
Component (n) [kəm'pəunənt] – a part or element of a larger whole, espe-
cially a part of a machine or vehicle.
Computer (n) [kəm'pjuːtə] – an electronic device (machine) which is used
for storing data, organizing and finding words, numbers and pictures, for doing
calculations and for controlling other machines.
Computer programmer (n) ['prəugræmə] – a person whose job involves
writing programs for computers.
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
7
CPU [ˌsiːpiːˈjuː] (Central processing unit (n) ['sentr(ə)l] ['prəusesɪŋ]
['juːnɪt]) – the part of a computer in which operations are controlled and executed.
Debugging (n) [ˌdiː'bʌgɪŋ] – is the process of identifying and removing er-
rors from computer hardware or software.
Digitization (n) [dɪʤɪtaɪ'zeɪʃ(ə)n] – the process of putting information into
digital form, usually so that it can be processed by a digital computer.
DOS [dɒs] (disk operating system) (n) – a computer operating system that
controls and manages files and programs stored on disk; DOS is a shorthand term
for several closely related operating systems (MS-DOS, PC DOS, DR-DOS, etc.)
that dominated the IBM PC compatible market.
Eliminate (v) [ə'lɪmɪneɪt] – completely remove or get rid of something.
File (n) [faɪl] – holder, cover, case, box, etc. for keeping data.
Firmware (n) – a set of instructions that form part of an electronic device
and allow it to communicate with a computer or with other electronic devices.
Flowchart (n) [ˈfləʊ.tʃɑːt] – a graphical representation of a computer pro-
gram in relation to its sequence of functions.
Freeware (n) [ˈfriːweə(r)] – software that is offered to customers for free,
especially as a download from the internet.
Groupware (n) [ˈɡruːpweə(r)] – software that is designed to help groups of
people work together more effectively.
GUI [ˈɡuː.i] (graphical user interface) (n) – a visual way of interacting with
a computer using items such as windows, icons, and menus, used by most modern
operating systems.
Hardware (n) ['hɑːdwɛə] – the machines, wiring and other physical com-
ponents of a computer or other electronic system: processing hardware, storage
hardware.
Input device (n) ['ɪnput] [dɪ'vaɪs] – a piece of computer equipment such as
a keyboard which enables you to put information into a computer.
Output device ['autpʊt] [dɪ'vaɪs] – are used to get responses from the com-
puter in the form of a hard copy (printer), a video (monitor), sound (speakers),
or media devices (CD or DVD drives). The function of these output devices is
to translate the machine’s response into a form clearly understandable by the
computer user.
Integrated circuit (n) ['ɪntɪgreɪtɪd] ['sɜːkɪt] – an electronic circuit formed on
a small piece of semiconducting material: circuit board, circuit diagram, printed
circuit (board).
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
8
LINUX (n) [ˈlɪn.əks] – an operating system modeled on Unix, whose source
code is publicly available at no charge.
Mainframe (n) [ˈmeɪnfreɪm] – a large high-speed computer, especially one
supporting numerous workstations or peripherals.
Malware (n) [ˈmælweə(r)] – software that is designed to damage the in-
formation on other people's computers and prevent the computers from working
normally.
Memory-storage device (n) ['mem(ə)rɪ 'stɔːrɪʤ] [dɪ'vaɪs] – the part of a
computer in which data or program instructions can be stored for retrieval.
Microprocessor (n) [ˌmaɪkrə(u)'prəusesə] – an integrated circuit that con-
tains all the functions of a central processing unit of a computer.
Motherboard (n) ['mʌðəbɔːd] – a printed circuit board containing the prin-
cipal components of a computer or other device, with connectors for other circuit
boards to be slotted into.
Operating system (n) [ˈɒpəreɪtɪŋ ˌsɪstəm] – the system software that allows
all the hardware and software components to work together. It consists of a set of
programs that manages all the computer's resources, including the data in main
memory and in auxiliary storage.
Program (n) ['prəugræm] – a set of instructions that a computer follows in
order to perform a particular task.
Quantum computer [ˌkwɒn.təm kəmˈpjuː.tər] – a computer which makes
use of the quantum states of subatomic particles to store information; a computer
that does certain types of complicated calculations much faster than a traditional
computer, using qubits (= units of computer information that have quantum
characteristics ) instead of bits (= units of computer information that must be
either 0 or 1).
RAM (Random Access Memory) [ræm] – the part of a computer in which
information is stored while you are using it.
ROM (Read-only memory) [rɔm] – the permanent part of a computer's
memory. The information stored there can be read but not changed.
Schedule (n) ['ʃedjuːl] – a plan for carrying out a process or procedure, giv-
ing lists of intended events and times.
Semiconductor (n) [semɪkən'dʌktə] – a material, such as silicon, which al-
lows electricity to move through it more easily when its temperature increases, or
an electronic device made from this material.
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
9
Server (n) ['sɜːvə] – a computer or computer program which manages access
to a centralized resource or service in a network.
Shareware (n) [ˈʃeəweə(r)] – software that is available to use and which
you pay for only if you wish to continue using it after a particular length of time.
Software (n) ['sɔftweə] – the collection of computer programs and related
data that provide the instructions telling a computer what to do: system software,
application software.
Spyware (n) [ˈspaɪweə(r)] – software that is designed to collect information
about how someone uses the internet, or personal information such as passwords,
without the user knowing about it.
Ubiquitous (adj) [juː'bɪkwɪtəs] – present, appearing, or found everywhere.
If you describe something or someone as ubiquitous, you mean that they seem to
be everywhere.
UNIX (n) [ˈjuːnɪks] (Uniplexed Information and Computing System) – an
operating system analogous to DOS and Windows, supporting multiple concurrent users. This computer operating system was developed in 1969 by Ken
Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. Today is used to describe any operating system
that conforms to Unix standards, meaning the core operating system operates the
same as the original Unix operating system.
Wetware (n) – a term drawn from the computer-related idea of hardware or
software, but applied to biological life forms.
4. Think about the Russian equivalents of the terms given above.
5. Match the following definitions with the terms.
DEFINITIONS
TERMS
1
An electronic device (machine) which is used for storing data,
organizing and finding words, numbers and pictures, for doing
calculations and for controlling other machines.
flowchart
2
The part of a computer in which operations are controlled and
executed.
mainframe
3
A computer operating system that controls and manages files
and programs stored on disk.
memory-storage
device
4
A graphical representation of a computer program in relation
to its sequence of functions.
RAM
5
Visual way of interacting with a computer using items such as
windows, icons, and menus, used by most modern operating
systems.
computer
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
10
DEFINITIONS
TERMS
6
An electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconducting material: circuit board, circuit diagram, printed circuit
(board).
integrated circuit
7
A large high-speed computer, especially one supporting numerous workstations or peripherals.
DOS
8
The part of a computer in which data or program instructions
can be stored for retrieval.
CPU
9
An integrated circuit that contains all the functions of a central
processing unit of a computer.
program
10
A printed circuit board containing the principal components of
a computer or other device, with connectors for other circuit
boards to be slotted into.
operating system
11
The system software that allows all the hardware and software
components to work together. It consists of a set of programs
that manages all the computer's resources, including the data
in main memory and in auxiliary storage.
quantum computer
12
A set of instructions that a computer follows in order to perform a particular task.
GUI
13
A computer which makes use of the quantum states of subatomic particles to store information.
ROM
14
The part of a computer in which information is stored while
you are using it.
microprocessor
15
The permanent part of a computer's memory. The information
stored there can be read but not changed.
motherboard
6. Match the words in A with their synonyms in B.
A
B
1
input
a
rail
2
output
b
virus
3
schedule
c
element
4
component
d
remove
5
eliminate
e
timetable
6
chassis
f
outturn
7
bug g machine
8
bus h procedure
9
device
i
frame
10
algorithm
j
contribution
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