Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:ENGLISH FOR IT. Учебное пособие
.pdf
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
11
7. Read the definition and write the term.
DEFINITIONS
TERMS
1
Software that is available to use and which you pay for
only if you wish to continue using it after a particular
length of time (9 letters).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2
The collection of computer programs and related data that
provide the instructions telling a computer what to do:
system software, application software (8).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3
Software that is designed to collect information about
how someone uses the internet, or personal information
such as passwords, without the user knowing about it (7).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
4
Software that is designed to damage the information on
other people's computers, and prevent the computers
from working normally (7).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
5
Software that is offered to customers for free, especially
as a download from the internet (8).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6
Software that is designed to help groups of people work
together more effectively (9).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7
The machines, wiring and other physical components of
a computer or other electronic system: processing hardware, storage hardware (8).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8
Software that automatically puts advertisements onto a
computer screen when a person is using the internet (6).
_ _ _ _ _ _
9
A set of instructions that form part of an electronic device
and allow it to communicate with a computer or with
other electronic devices (8).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10
A term drawn from the computer-related idea of hardware or software but applied to biological life forms (7).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
11
A computer or computer program which manages access
to a centralized resource or service in a network (6).
_ _ _ _ _ _
12
An operating system analogous to DOS and Windows,
supporting multiple concurrent users (4).
_ _ _ _
13
An operating system modeled on Unix, whose source
code is publicly available at no charge (5).
_ _ _ _ _
14
The process of identifying and removing errors from
computer hardware or software (9).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
15
A series of mathematical steps, especially in a computer
programme, which will give you the answer to a particular kind of problem or question (9).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
12
USEFUL GRAMMAR
Grammar to study: Present tenses (active and passive voices)
8. Turn the following sentences from Active into Passive or from Passive
into Active.
1. They use cryptography in information security to protect information.
2. HDMs have been used by scientists to provide stereoscopic views of CAD
schematics.
3. They are increasingly integrating major HMDs into the cockpits of mod-
ern helicopter.
4. The computer hardware provides the capability to perform computing-
related tasks.
5. Scientists are currently working on quantum computers that use quantum
bits, or qubits.
6. A computer's software also includes its operating system.
7. When a software program is opened, the computer reads its data from the
hard drive.
8. A processor only understands instructions encoded in some numerical
fashion.
9. Once they have designed an instruction set and micro-architecture, a prac-
tical machine must be developed.
10. Modern computer performance is often described in instructions per cycle
(IPC).
11. Nowadays other factors are influencing speed, such as the mix of functional units, bus speeds, available memory, and the type and order of instructions
in the programs.
12. These programs enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks.
13. Computers are used by a broad range of industrial and consumer products
as control systems.
14. Simple manual instruments like the abacus have aided people in doing
calculations since ancient times.
15. Modern smartphones and tablets use a variety of operating systems.
9. Complete the sentences with the appropriate forms of the verbs in
brackets Active or Passive. Use only Present tenses.
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
13
1. Hardware and software are two terms you ______ probably of at some
point or another. (hear)
2. Software is anything that ______ hardware what to do and how to do it.
(tell)
3. Practical software systems ______ into three major classes: system soft-
ware, programming software, and application software. (divide)
4. The computer monitor used to view this text, or the mouse used to navi-
gate a website ______ computer hardware. (consider)
5. The cutting-edge software ______ on our computers this week. (install)
6. I ______ this laptop since last September. (use)
7. Hardware and software ______ with one another: software ______ hard-
ware which tasks it ______ to perform. (interact / tell / need)
8. Computer memory ______ to store data or programs. (use)
9. The features of this laptop ______ to a customer right now. (explain)
10. All bugs ______ just in the program. (eliminate)
11. Laptops ______ broadly and widely because of their mobility and porta-
bility. (utilize)
12. The Analog computer ______ in scientific and industrial ventures since
last century. (use)
13. The software ______ in order to complete a computation. (write)
14. The software ______ a collection of instructions and data which let the
hardware to function. (contain)
15. Input devices ______ a user to provide information to the computer sys-
tems. (allow)
SPECIALIST READING
10. Skim the following article and choose the best heading.
1. The Evolution of Computer Hardware and Software
2. Future Computers
3. Ins and Outs of a Computer
11. Read the article and fill the gaps with one of the following phrases:
1. The goal of her algorithm, which existed as a set of notes
2. Transistor technology, in turn, evolved into integrated circuit technology
and microprocessors
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
14
3. Early forms of software were bundled with the computers that they were
written for
4. instead of binary digits
5. Software design for this emerging class of computer is still in its infancy
6. The first mechanical computers, starting with Charles Babbage's Differ-
ence Engine in 1822
7. This resulted in an open-source subculture where programmers freely
shared the source code for their software
8. Mobile computing took off in the 1980s with the Osbourne 1 portable
computer
9. The first computer capable of running software
10. bringing the Internet to the masses
HEADING _______________________
In order for a computer to function, it requires some kind of computer program or software. The computer hardware provides the capability to perform
computing-related tasks. The software is the set of instructions that humans create
to tell the computer what to do. Modern computers and software are two different
concepts, but that wasn't always as apparent as it is now. (1) _____, were entirely
hardware-based and were programmed with switches and wires. Until the late
1940s, hardware and software were essentially the same things, and to reprogram
a computer meant to rewire it, either partially or entirely. Computers themselves
were not always ubiquitous like they are now. Originally, they were very difficult
to use, very large, and too expensive for anyone except governments and universities to own.
Alan Turing developed the first theory for computer software in an essay he
wrote in 1935, titled “Computable Numbers With an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem”. The first software algorithm, however, was written for Babbage's
Analytical Engine in 1842 by the Countess of Lovelace, Augusta Ada King-Noel,
also known as Ada Lovelace. (2) _____, was to direct the Analytical Engine to
calculate Bernoulli numbers. Lovelace also speculated that the Analytical Engine
could perform tasks beyond the intent of its design. She stated in her notes that it
could carry out more general computing functions such as composing music.
In 1945, John von Neumann described a digital computer design using an
electronic processor with an arithmetic logic component, processor and instruction registers, data storage memory, a program counter, external data storage, and
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
15
a means of receiving input and outputting data. This concept became the blueprint
for modern programmable computers. (3) _____, or computer programs, was the
Z3, invented in 1941 by German civil engineer Konrad Zuse. The Colossus, first
designed in 1943, was another programmable computer, which the Allies used to
decrypt German military codes. The predecessor to the modern computer, however, was the Manchester Baby, which fulfilled the standards of the von Neumann
architecture. It stored software code in memory and was a general-purpose computer. The Manchester Baby, in turn, inspired the Ferranti Mark 1, which was the
first general-purpose computer available to the commercial world.
Up until the 1950s, vacuum tube-based computers dominated until they
were replaced by fully transistor-based computers, the first of which was the Harwell CADET, first released in 1955. (4) _____, which shrank computer sizes and,
as of the 1960s, increased their computing power by orders of magnitude. Microcomputers came into existence in the 1970s, and this ushered in the age of the
personal computer, which brought computers into homes. The first generation of
personal computers started with the Apple II, Commodore PET, and TRS-80,
which were followed much later by IBM's PC desktop system. Intel entered the
consumer market with IBM-compatible processors, giving rise to IBM
PC 'clones'. These clones typically came with a modular design that enabled consumers to add and change components within the system. This upgradeable trait
enabled IBM-compatible PCs to rapidly achieve prominence in the home and
business computer market. At the same time, other desktop systems and workstations arose, such as computers made by DEC, Sun, and SGI, mainly for use by
businesses. (5) _____, the predecessor to the modern laptop, followed by the IBM
Thinkpad tablet in 1992. Personal data assistants (PDAs) and smartphones flourished in the early 2000s, making it possible for consumers to take computers
wherever they went.
(6) _____, meaning that in order to get the software the customer wanted,
they also had to buy the hardware with it. The Supreme Court decision in the
Digidyne v. Data General case in 1985 effectively put an end to this, while the
free software movement arose in the same decade, led by pioneers such as Richard Stallman, founder of the GNU Project. (7) _____, ensuring its propagation
and use across a broad number of different emerging and established computer
systems. At the same time, commercial software flourished in the form of operating systems, business and scientific software, and games. Some of the most
notable software that came from the 1980s and 1990s includes the free and open-
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
16
source Linux operating system and the commercial Microsoft Windows family
of operating systems. Web browser software emerged in the 1990s, (8) _____,
and video games had a renaissance on home computers. In the 2000s, operating
systems such as Apple iOS and Google Android flourished for mobile devices,
and programs known as apps became commonplace.
Computers and software are still evolving. Scientists are currently working
on quantum computers that use quantum bits, or qubits, (9) _____. These computers may be capable of running millions of times faster than computers of today. (10) _____, and it relies on principles of quantum physics that are difficult
to explain to the masses. Companies like IBM and Microsoft, however, are already working to make quantum computer software development possible for
mainstream users [1].
12. Read the article again and match the scientists with their contribu-
tions to the development of IT.
Scientists
Their contribution
1
Charles Babbage
a
described a digital computer design
2
Alan Turing
b
The first theory for computer software
3
Ada Lovelace
c
the GNU Project
4
John von Neumann
d
Difference Engine
5
Konrad Zuse
e
The first software algorithm
6
Richard Stallman
f
the Z3
13. Get ready to speak about the modern scientists who you consider
have contributed the most to the development of computer science.
14. Read the article again and say whether the following statements are
true or false.
STATEMENTS
T/F
1
To operate a computer needs instructions.
2
Computers and software have always been two different concepts.
3
Alan Turing developed the first computer software.
4
Lovelace doubted that the Analytical Engine could perform tasks beyond
the intent of its design.
5
The precursor to the modern computer, however, was the Manchester
Baby. 6
IBM's PC desktop system was the first generation of personal computers.
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
17
STATEMENTS
T/F
7
Early forms of software were sold with the computers.
8
Richard Stallman supported the idea of selling hardware and software as a
package.
9 Internet has become widespread due to the development of web browser
software.
10
Quantum computer software has already been developed possible for
mainstream users.
VOCABULARY IN USE
15. Follow the link https://rutube.ru/audio/a0fc18e7560cfe971fafa53d-
31d9167e/ to listen to the article. Then read the article and fill the gaps.
In computing terms, hardware and software (1) ____ the two fundamental
elements of a computer. Hardware includes everything with a "hard" (2) ____
presence – your computer tower or laptop and its component electronics. Conversely, the programs on your computer, which exist as digital data rather than
physical objects, are called software. In order to operate, computers (3) ____ both
hardware and software.
Although computers contain thousands of (4) ____ capacitors, resistors and
other electrical components, these parts are built together to form a relatively
small number of (5) ____ that make up a computer's hardware. Basic (6) ____
include a hard drive for storing data, a processor for performing operations,
memory for holding active data, and a motherboard to tie the parts together.
Hardware can also include external (7) ______, such as the keyboard, printer
and scanner.
The term "software" is usually synonymous with "computer program" and
"(8) ____". Internet Explorer, Microsoft Word and Photoshop are all examples of
software. A computer's software also includes its (9) ____ system, such as Windows or Mac OS X. Operating systems act as a base, providing an (10) ____ in
which all other software runs. Note that not all data on a computer is software,
however: documents, music, pictures, videos and other (11) ____ require a particular type of software to open, but are not software themselves.
Computers make (12) ____ use of both hardware and software. When you
open a software program, the computer reads its (13) ____ from the hard drive,
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
18
runs its programming on the computer's processor and then displays the result on
your screen. Because hardware and software work so closely together, a problem
in either can cause trouble: A (14) ____ computer, for example, can result either
from defective hardware or a malfunctioning piece of software. Similarly, a computer might slow down because of (15) ____ hardware, because it has too many
software programs running, or due to a piece of malicious software, known as
malware or a computer virus [2].
16. Read the text and fill the gaps with one of the following words:
operating, processing, physical, categories, languages, components,
architecture, how, storage, size.
All computers, no matter their (1) ____, are based around a set of rules stating (2) ____ software and hardware join together and interact to make them work.
This is what is known as computer (3) ____. In this article we’re going to delve
into what computer architecture actually is.
Computer architecture is the organization of the (4) ____ which make up a
computer system and the meaning of the operations which guide its function. It
defines what is seen on the machine interface, which is targeted by programming (5) ____ and their compilers.
There are three (6) ____ of computer architecture, and all work together to
make a machine function.
System design includes all hardware parts of a computer, including data
processors, multiprocessors, memory controllers, and direct memory access. It
also includes the graphics processing unit (GPU). This part is the (7) ____ computer system.
Instruction set architecture (ISA) includes the functions and capabilities of
the central (8) ____ unit (CPU). It is the embedded programming language and
defines what programming it can perform or process. This part is the software
that makes the computer run, such as (9) ____ systems like Windows on a PC
or iOS on an Apple iPhone, and includes data formats and the programmed instruction set.
Microarchitecture is also known as computer organization and defines the
data processing and (10) ____ element and how they should be implemented into
the ISA. It is the hardware implementation of how an ISA is implemented in a
particular processor.
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
19
SPEAKING
Classifying
LANGUAGE WORK
Classifying means putting things into groups or classes. We can classify
types of computers, parts of a PC, etc. Study the following typical expressions
for classifying:
− are classified into N categories / types
− are classified by ...
− can be divided into N categories / types
Modern computers can be divided into the following types: Pcs, laptops,
tablets etc.
− include(s) …
− consist (s) of …
The basic configuration of a mainframe consists of a central system that
processes data.
− There are N categories / classes / types of …
− X is a type of …
A tablet PC is a type of portable computer.
17. Use the appropriate classifying expressions to complete the follow-
ing sentences.
1. Based on the speed, “memory” ____ processor registers (fastest yet small-
est), processor cache, and main memory (slowest yet largest).
2. While “storage” ____ of storage devices and their media aren’t directly
accessed by the CPU, such as hard drives and optical disc drives.
3. Secondary storage devices of computer ____ hard disk drives (HDDs)
and solid-state drives (SSDs).
4. Offline storage is ____ computer digital data storage on a media that isn’t
controlled by the CPU.
5. ____ computer storage devices: primary, secondary, tertiary and offline
storage devices.
6. The data stored within are read via one or more read/write heads that
may ____ one or more recording transducers.
7. Hardware ____ everything with a "hard" physical presence.
Unit 1. Computer Architecture and Software
20
8. ____ of computer architecture, and all work together to make a machine
function.
9. This can ____ into two types.
10. A word processing program ____ software which lets the user create and
edit texts.
18. In pairs describe the chart using classifying expressions. Make ref-
erence to your own devices.
WRITING
Writing a formal email
19. Benefits of laptops and tablets PCs.
a) Your school is considering buying tablets Pcs to use in the classroom.
Write an email to your teacher, explain the benefits of the certain type for the
students and the school.
or
b) Your company is considering replacing all the office PCs with laptops.
Write an email to your boss explaining the benefits of the certain type for the
employees and the company.
Go to page 194 to learn how to write a formal email.
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]