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Unit 5. Telecommunication
71
DEFINITIONS
TERMS
1
Able to exist, perform as intended, or succeed (6
letters).
_ _ _ _ _ _
2
When something that is normally protected is no
longer secure (8, 6).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _
3
A piece of equipment for playing records in order
to listen to the music, etc. on them (10).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4
A piece of equipment such as a computer, that is
attached to a network (4).
_ _ _ _
5
A system for sending messages, using combinations of long and short sounds or flashes of light to
represent letters of the alphabet and numbers (5, 4).
_ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
6
The complete path of wires and equipment along
which an electric current flows (7).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
7
Things that are done to protect a person, organization, or country and their computer information
against crime or attacks carried out using the internet (13).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8
A system in which a record of payments made in
cryptocurrency is maintained across several computers that are linked (10).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9
A computer program that can hold a conversation
with a person, usually over the internet (7).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
10
Relating to sound or hearing (8).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11
The quality of being able to return quickly to a previous good condition after problems (10).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
12
A usually short piece of text consisting of letters,
numbers, or symbols that is used in computer processes such as searching through large amounts of
information (6).
_ _ _ _ _ _
13
The first design of something from which other
forms are copied or developed (9).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14
A contractor who provides administrative services
to clients while operating outside of the client's offices (7, 9).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
15
The delay before data begins to move after it has
been sent an instruction to do so (7).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Unit 5. Telecommunication
72
USEFUL GRAMMAR
Grammar to study: Second and Third conditionals
8. Complete the sentences with the appropriate forms of the verbs in
brackets (second or third conditional).
1. If we _____ (have) mobile banking apps 20 years ago, it _____ (be) easier
to manage personal bank accounts and conduct transactions.
2. Before, businesses _____ (travel) extensively if they _____ (want) to
meet with customers, staff members, or business partners.
3. If telecommuters _______ (succeed) in maintaining a healthy balan-
ce, they eventually (not force) themselves to restrict their free time to meet project deadlines.
4. If your company _____ (provide) services through mobile networks,
it _____ (have) the quickest growth.
5. If digital switching systems _____ (not be) less expensive than analog
switching systems, digital transmission _____ (not have) high dependability.
6. If only one bit _____ (select) from each of the data sources, then the scan-
ning mechanism _____ (select) the value of the arriving bit from each of the multiple data sources.
7. If, however, the sequence of 0s and 1s _____ (compress) using a run-
length code, significant reductions in transmission time _____ (make).
8. The document is divided into a number of lines (approximately 100 per
inch), with 1,728 pixels in each line (at standard resolution). If all black
pixels _______ (map) into 1s and all white pixels into 0s, then the scanned
document _______ (represent) by 1,857,600 bits (for a standard American
11-inch page).
9. Long ago, people _____ (use) sounds, smoke signals, and pictures to com-
municate, if they _____ (want) to talk to each other.
10. If it _______ (not be) Alexander Graham Bell who _______ (create)
the telephone.
11. Without telecommunication, there _____ (be) no electromagnetic trans-
mission of wireless, telephone, telegraph, radio, television or satellite signals.
12. If by the middle of the 18th century, oceanic cables _____ (put) on the
bottom of the oceans, connecting continents with each other, telegraphy, _____
(spread) around the world by the middle of the 19th century.
Unit 5. Telecommunication
73
13. Early telephones weren't as reliable as they are today. If a cable _____
(get) damaged, the line _______ (be) dead and there _______ (be) no communication at all.
9. Complete the sentences with the appropriate forms of the verbs in
brackets.
THE LEMPEL-ZIV ALGORITHM
The design and performance of the Huffman code depends on the designers’
knowing the probabilities of different levels and sequences of levels. In many
cases, however, it is desirable to have an encoding system that can adapt to the
unknown probabilities of a source. A very efficient technique for encoding
sources without needing to know their probable occurrence was developed in the
1970s by the Israelis Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv. The Lempel-Ziv algorithm
works by constructing a codebook out of sequences encountered previously. For
example, the codebook might begin with a set of four 12-bit code words representing four possible signal levels. If two of those levels _____ (arrive) in sequence, the encoder, rather than transmitting two full code words (of length
24), _____ (transmit) the code word for the first level (12 bits) and then an extra
two bits to indicate the second level. The encoder then _____ (construct) a new
code word of 12 bits for the sequence of two levels, so that even fewer bits _____
(use) thereafter to represent that particular combination of levels. The encoder _____ (continue) to read quantization levels until another sequence _____
(arrive) for which there was no code word. In this case the sequence without the
last level _____ (be) in the codebook, but not the whole sequence of levels.
Again, the encoder _____ (transmit) the code word for the initial sequence of
levels and then an extra two bits for the last level. The process _____ (continue)
until all 4,096 possible 12-bit combinations _____ (assign) as code words [12].
SPECIALIST READING
10. Skim the following article and match the headings with the para-
graphs.
1. Artificial intelligence (AI) and big data
2. A superfast Wi-Fi 6
3. Digital privacy, cybersecurity and resilience
Unit 5. Telecommunication
74
4. 5G for everyone and everything
5. The Internet of Things (IoT)
5 NEW TRENDS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS
With the advent of a new decade, we began to expect amazing technological
innovation capabilities. The last few years have seen repeated reports of trends,
with much talk of cloud services, blockchain, edge computing and so forth. But
only a few, the most relevant trends will be described here. Let’s talk how they
will affect not only the professional user but also the day-to-day user – there are
a lot of them, and the decision-making capabilities are increasing.
1._________________________
5G has been, is being and will be talked about in many forums. We should
mention that 5G is not just about more bandwidth but will allow additional services for billions of interconnected devices that share or send information to control centers for decision making. The technology already exists but is not widely
accessible as a service in the market for users. Operators will be able to offer 5G
networks soon and their advancements, providing greater bandwidth, higher user
density, low latency and reliability. Companies, governments and customers benefit from being fully connected, while institutions need to cooperate with each
other to facilitate this progress.
2._________________________
5G and Wi-Fi 6 are completely different technologies that could compete in
many high-speed non-cable scenarios. But really, the two technologies working
together are the perfect end-to-end connectivity combination for the home and
office. Wi-Fi 6, like 5G vs 4G, not only implies a theoretically faster data transmission, it also solves some of the problems present in previous networks, such
as the density of connected terminals and the low network performance when that
density increases. Leading manufacturers have already introduced Wi-Fi 6 – also
known as 802.11ax – to their product portfolios.
3._________________________
The telecommunications sector sees AI as a facilitator of spectacular improvements in communications technologies and services. AI is being used more
and more in different aspects of companies. It is essential for the optimization
and predictive maintenance of telecommunications company networks. AI uses
chatbots and virtual assistants to improve customer services and satisfaction.
Unit 5. Telecommunication
75
More and more AI-related products are appearing to detect fraudulent activity.
And if that were not enough, AI facilitates making and executing decisions based
on analyzing large amounts of data collected every day from multiple sources.
4._________________________
IoT has resulted in more and more devices on the network and also more
opportunities for security breaches. IoT will allow greater information exchange, base station monitoring, measurement data capture, remote control and
automated decision-making. It will be able to use communications technologies
like BLE, 5G or Wi-Fi 6. But IoT doesn’t just involve connectivity technolo-
gies; it is also an excellent opportunity to create new services for industry and
other market sectors. But managers of these new services and technologies providers must plan ways to protect data privacy, defend users against attacks and
(above all) ensure reliability.
5._________________________
Generally speaking, digital privacy refers to the level of control an Internet
user can exert over his/her data, limiting the access other people or institutions
may have to private information. Privacy is so crucial for the success of services
over public networks that, in 2019, the EU changed its data protection requirements – GRDP. In the (presumably) more interconnected world cybersecurity
will be key to help companies and individuals be less exposed to risks that could
cause great harm (not only in relation to the aforementioned data protection, but
also in terms of contracted services). Solutions that focus on protection shall
be an integral part of the new services offered by providers during the upcoming years [13].
11. Read the article again and say whether the following statements are
true or false.
STAREMENTS
T / F
1
5G is set to offer much faster connection speeds only.
2 5G technology has already been developed.
3
One of the problems Wi-Fi 6 solves is the low network performance.
4
5G and Wi-Fi 6 are somewhat identical technologies.
5
Artificial Intelligence plays a big role in the development of telecommunication.
6
Virtual assistants are the product of AI.
7
IoT breaches security.
Unit 5. Telecommunication
76
STAREMENTS
T / F
8
Reliability must be ensured if one uses technologies like BLE, 5G or WiFi 6.
9 Digital privacy refers to only separate Internet users who want to limit
the access other people or institutions to private information.
10
Solutions that focus on protection are crucial in offering new services.
12. Answer the following questions according to the article.
1. Can we consider cloud services, blockchain, edge computing as the ex-
amples of new technologies?
2. Is AI one of the most relevant trends?
3. Is 4G widely accessible as a service in the market for users?
4. Are 5G and Wi-Fi 6 the worst end-to-end connectivity combination for
the home and office?
5. Is Wi-Fi 6 just the same as 802.11ax?
6. Is a chatbot the product of IoT?
7. Does IA analyze large amounts of data?
8. Is IoT a good opportunity to develop new services for industry?
9. What are examples of communication technologies?
10. Was the EU forced to change its data protection requirements?
13. Summarize the article using the headings in exercise 10. Be guided
with the tips on page 201.
VOCABULARY IN USE
14. Follow the link https://rutube.ru/audio/06410eda198dfbb5909e76ee-
1d87f639/ to listen to the article. Then read the article and fill the gaps.
ENTERTAINING HISTORY
OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS
We take (1) _____ for granted in our modern world – (2) _____, internet
and (3) _____ calls – everything is standard to us. This was not always the case
and just a few decades ago, none of this was widespread or even (4) _____. It has
all come down from centuries of hard work, discoveries, (5) _____ and commercialization.
Unit 5. Telecommunication
77
Robert Hooke created the first (6) _____ telephone in 1672 when he discovered that he could transmit sound over a (7) _____ or (8) _____ attached to an
earpiece or mouthpiece. He was not fully aware of his discovery, as his notes
suggest he wanted to use the (9) _____ to create music.
In 1838, Samuel B. Morse and his buddies, Leonard Gale, and Alfred Vail,
discovered the electric telegraph when they were exploring the idea of a recorded
telegraph for long distance communications. This became known as the
(10) ______ code since, and it lay the groundwork for modern day (11) ______
telephones.
By the 1870s, (12) _____ had established themselves in the world and they
were used as the primary way of communication for the world’s commerce sec-
tors. William Orton, the president of Western Union, had what could be considered a monopoly in the U.S. on the telegraph. In 1876, Bell was the first to develop and (13) _____ a telephone-like device that was commercially (14) _____.
By august of 1877, (15) _____ Thomas Edison, who had been working on
sound (16) _____, improved on Bell’s work and created the first acoustic
(17) _____. He could successfully (18) _____ sounds and play them back. In
1893, Nikola Tesla patented the first transmitter that could wirelessly transmit
radio (19) _____ Inventor Guglielmo Marconi alleged Tesla stole his (20) _____
but lost in court [14].
15. Read the text and fill the gaps with one of the following words:
nodes, 5G transmitting, breakthrough, telecommunications,
circuit, protocols, mail, prototype, transcontinental
Decades passed before Bell again made history by being the first person to
make a (1) _____ telephone call in early 1915. The coast-to-coast call was to his
assistant, and it made making long distance calls a reality.
In a world dominated by telegraphs, telephones and radios, Phillip T. Farnsworth changed the game and made history in September 1927, when he invented
the first (2) _____ of a television set. He had been working on (3) _____ images
and discovered he could do it by encoding radio waves with an image and then
transmitting and projecting it on to a screen.
In 1934, the first commercial radio-telephone service was established across
the Pacific Ocean between the U.S. and Japan.
By June 1946, Southwestern Bell made the first mobile telephone call from
an automobile and the service was a limited capacity mobile network due to its
Unit 5. Telecommunication
78
high cost of installation. Ten years later in 1956, the first 36- (4) _____ transatlantic telephone cable was installed from Newfoundland to Scotland. This
brought the cost of public calling down from the previous radio telephones.
In October 1969, Charley Kline and Bill Duvall transmitted data between
(5) _____ of the ARPANET, a forerunner of the internet, marking the first computer network. In 1982 the first electronic (6) _____ was delivered over the internet when Jonathan Postel wrote the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. Later on
the first of January, 1983, ARPANET turned in to the Internet and it became
open for standard use.
In 2003, internet (7) _____ allowed for computers to transmit phone calls.
This was a (8) _____ for telecommunications because it meant long distance
communication could use established computer networks and did not need
to cost anything.
Here on out, the decades built on these great innovations and today, we have
everything that we could possibly imagine for local and global (9) _____. We
still build upon our existing technologies because progress is important, and it
takes us to the next level. We have things like (10) _____, big data and Artificial
Intelligence transforming the current world of telecommunication, all thanks to
its rich and fruitful history [15].
SPEAKING
Asking and answering questions
LANGUAGE WORK
16. Read the text and fill the gaps with the appropriate words.
INVENTOR OF WORLD WIDE
WEB SAYS IT MUST CHANGE
The World Wide Web is now thirty years (1) ____. Its inventor, Sir Tim
Berners-Lee, has spoken about his creation (2) ____ its 30th anniversary. He said
he was worried about how people are using the Internet and its two billion websites today. He also said he is (3) ____ about the future of the Web. He wrote a
letter saying he knew many people felt (4) ____ about whether the Web was "a
force for good". He believes it can be a force for good and can empower billions
of people. He wrote that he (5) ____ governments and companies must work
Unit 5. Telecommunication
79
together to build a better Internet. He said: "If we give (6) ____ on building a better
Web now, then the Web will not have failed us. We will have failed the Web."
Sir Tim had three (7) ____ concerns about the World Wide Web. The first
was criminal behavior, like state-sponsored hacking and online harassment. He
described it as a "(8) ____ of humanity" where "you will see good and bad". He
said governments must (9) ____ laws to keep people safe. A second thing that
worried Berners-Lee is how social media is used to spread misinformation. The
past few years have seen a rise in (10) ____ news. In particular, how people were
tricked during the 2016 US presidential election and the UK Brexit vote. BernersLee is also worried about people's (11) ____ and personal information. He
stressed the importance of fighting (12) ____ a better and safer Web and keeping
it free for everyone to use [16].
Which of these words go in the above text?
1. a) age b) ago c) old d) aged
2. a) on b) in c) at d) to
3. a) concerned b) concerns c) concern d) concerning
4. a) unsure b) surely c) surety d) surly
5. a) believable b) believer c) beliefs d) believed
6. a) at b) over c) down d) up
7. a) mainly b) main c) mains d) mainline
8. a) mentor b) major c) minor d) mirror
9. a) pass b) take c) do d) be
10. a) take b) fake c) make d) bake
11. a) privets b) private c) privates d) privacy
12. a) at b) of c) for d) on
17. Work with your partner. Practise asking and answering questions
about the above-written text.
STUDENT A’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student B)
1. What did you think when you read the headline?
2. What images are in your mind when you hear the word 'Internet'?
3. What do you know about the World Wide Web?
4. When did you first use the Internet?
5. What would life be like without the Internet?
6. What are your favourite websites?
Unit 5. Telecommunication
80
7. What worries do you have about the Internet?
8. Is the Internet a force for good?
9. How does the Internet empower people?
10. What will the Web be like in 30 years from now?
STUDENT B’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student A)
1. Did you like reading this article? Why/not?
2. What do you think of when you hear the word 'anniversary'?
3. What do you think about what you read?
4. What do you think about the name 'World Wide Web'?
5. How important is the Internet to you?
6. How dangerous is hacking?
7. Is the Internet a mirror of humanity?
8. What do you think of social media?
9. How do we know what news is true and what is fake?
10. What questions would you like to ask Sir Tim Berners-Lee?
WRITING
Writing a formal letter
18. How to make the Internet better? Write a formal letter to an expert
on the Internet (be guided with the tips on page 194). Ask him/her three
questions about it. Give him/her three of your ideas on how to make it better.
Read your letter to your partner(s) in your next lesson. Your partner(s) will
answer your questions.
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