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Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
91
Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) involves a method for delivering everything
from operating systems to servers and storage through IP-based connectivity as
part of an on-demand service. Clients can avoid the need to purchase software or
servers, and instead procure these resources in an outsourced, on-demand service.
Popular examples of the IaaS system include IBM Cloud and Microsoft Azure.
Platform-as-a-service (PaaS) is considered the most complex of the three
layers of cloud-based computing. PaaS shares some similarities with SaaS, the
primary difference being that instead of delivering software online, it is actually
a platform for creating software that is delivered via the Internet. This model includes platforms like Salesforce.com and Heroku.
F__________
Cloud-based software offers companies from all sectors a number of benefits, including the ability to use software from any device either via a native app
or a browser. As a result, users can carry their files and settings over to other
devices in a completely seamless manner.
Cloud computing is far more than just accessing files on multiple devices.
Thanks to cloud computing services, users can check their email on any computer
and even store files using services such as Dropbox and Google Drive. Cloud
computing services also make it possible for users to back up their music, files,
and photos, ensuring those files are immediately available in the event of a hard
drive crash.
It also offers big businesses huge cost-saving potential. Before the cloud
became a viable alternative, companies were required to purchase, construct, and
maintain costly information management technology and infrastructure. Companies can swap costly server centers and IT departments for fast Internet connections, where employees interact with the cloud online to complete their tasks.
The cloud structure allows individuals to save storage space on their desktops or laptops. It also lets users upgrade software more quickly because software
companies can offer their products via the web rather than through more traditional, tangible methods involving discs or flash drives. For example, Adobe customers can access applications in its Creative Cloud through an Internet-based
subscription. This allows users to download new versions and fixes to their programs easily.
G_________
With all of the speed, efficiencies, and innovations that come with cloud
computing, there are, naturally, risks.
Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
92
Security has always been a big concern with the cloud especially when it
comes to sensitive medical records and financial information. While regulations
force cloud computing services to shore up their security and compliance
measures, it remains an ongoing issue. Encryption protects vital information, but
if that encryption key is lost, the data disappears.
Servers maintained by cloud computing companies may fall victim to natural disasters, internal bugs, and power outages, too. The geographical reach of
cloud computing cuts both ways: A blackout in California could paralyze users
in New York, and a firm in Texas could lose its data if something causes its
Maine-based provider to crash.
As with any technology, there is a learning curve for both employees
and managers. But with many individuals accessing and manipulating information through a single portal, inadvertent mistakes can transfer across
an entire system [18].
11. Read the article again and say whether the following statements are
true or false.
STATEMENTS
T/F
1
Cloud computing is the delivery of different applications through the
Internet.
2 Cloud computing is far from being popular with businessmen due to its
costs.
3
Cloud computing takes all the heavy lifting involved in crunching and
processing data away from your device into the virtual world.
4
All cloud services are not charged for.
5
There are two types of cloud services.
6
SaaS involves a method for delivering everything from operating systems to servers.
7
PaaS has a lot in common with SaaS.
8
Cloud computing is about accessing files on multiple devices.
9
The cloud structure is only for business purposes.
10
Tenants can carry their files and settings over to other devices quite
easily.
11
Security of sensitive information is one of the main issues of cloud
computing.
12
Cloud computing services are securely protected from any natural
cataclysms.
Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
93
12. Answer the following questions according to the article.
1. What do you need to extract data from a remote database?
2. How many types of cloud services are there?
3. What service is considered the most complicated of the three layers of
cloud-based computing?
4. What is the main advantage of cloud computing for companies?
5. Is cloud computing vulnerable to natural disaster? Why? Why not?
6. What are hybrid clouds?
7. What services does cloud computing deliver through the Internet?
8. Can cloud computing files be accessed on multiple devices?
9. Does the cloud structure allow individuals upgrade software more
quickly?
10. Why can inadvertent mistakes be transferred across the whole system?
13. Summarize the article using the following words and phrases:
− cloud computing
− virtual space
− to work remotely
− to provide services
− the name implies
− cloud-based software
− efficiencies and innovations
Go to page 201 to learn how to create a good summary.
VOCABULARY IN USE
14. Follow the link https://rutube.ru/audio/70fdd5696d67b28728b39f5f-
01f759ce/ to listen to the article. Then read the article and fill the gaps.
Cloud computing (1) ____ are delivered by server-based applications
through digital (2) ____ or through the public Internet itself. The applications are
made available for user access via mobile and (3) ____ devices.
According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
these are the five specific qualities that (4) ____ cloud computing:
− on-demand self-service
− broad network access
− resource pooling
Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
94
− rapid elasticity or expansion
− measured (5) ____
That’s (6) ____ computing. However, the architecture that drives it all, the
essential loosely coupled (7) ____ and sub-components that make the cloud work
shouldn`t be overlooked. Broadly speaking, the cloud computing (8) ____ can be
divided into two sections: Front End and (9) ____ End.
These ends connect to each other via a network, generally the (10) ____.
Front End is the visible interface that (11) ____ users or clients encounter
through their web-enabled client devices.
On the other hand, the back end is the “cloud” part of a cloud computing
architecture, comprising all the resources required to deliver (12) ____ services.
A system’s back end can be made up of a number of bare metal servers, data
storage facilities, (13) ____ machines, a security mechanism, and services, all
built in (14) ____ with a deployment model, and all together responsible for
providing a service.
A central (15) ____ is responsible for managing and running the system,
systematically reviewing the (16) ____ and client requests to make certain that
everything is running smoothly.
As the numbers of services hosted by a cloud computing (17) ____ grow,
the demands of higher traffic and compute loads that obviously grow with it must
be anticipated and accommodated. But exponentially growing demands for
(18) ____ space can’t be ignored.
In a cloud computing architecture, all applications are controlled, managed,
and served by a cloud server. Its (19) ____ is replicated and preserved remotely
as part of the cloud (20) ____. A well-integrated cloud system can create nearly
limitless efficiencies and possibilities [19].
15. Read the following article and fill the gaps with one of the follo-
wing words:
cloud, computing, deploy, hybrid, infrastructure, Internet,
manage, online, owned, platform, private, software
Simply put, cloud (1) ____ is the delivery of computing services − including
servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence −
over the (2) ____ (“the cloud”).
Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
95
Several different models, types, and services have evolved to help offer the
right solution for your needs. There are three different ways to (3) ____ cloud
services: on a public cloud, private cloud, or hybrid cloud.
Public clouds are (4) ____ and operated by a third-party cloud service providers, which deliver their computing resources, like servers and storage, over the
Internet. You access these services and (5) ____ your account using a web
browser.
A (6) ____cloud refers to cloud computing resources used exclusively by a
single business or organization.
(7) ____ clouds combine public and private clouds, bound together by technology that allows data and applications to be shared between them.
Most cloud computing services fall into four broad categories: (8) ____ as a
service (IaaS), (9) ____ as a service (PaaS), serverless, and (10) ____ as a service
(SaaS). These are sometimes called the cloud computing "stack" because they
build on top of one another.
You’re probably using cloud computing right now, even if you don’t realize
it. If you use an (11) ____ service to send email, edit documents, watch movies
or TV, listen to music, play games, or store pictures and other files, it’s likely that
(12) ____ computing is making it all possible behind the scenes [20].
SPEAKING
Abbreviations. Giving a presentation
LANGUAGE WORK
In today's fast-paced environment, abbreviations make communicating
much easier. They save time, space, and effort. There are different types of abbreviations.
English Acronyms
Acronyms are made by taking the first individual letter of each word in a
sentence, like NASA for "National Aeronautics and Space Administration" or
ISO for "International Standardization Organization." Acronyms always use capital letters.
− PIN – Personal Identification Number
− NATO – The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or the North Atlantic
Alliance
Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
96
− WHO – World Health Organization
− ZIP – Zone Improvement Plan (Postal Code)
Initialism
Another common type of abbreviation is an initialism, where you take the
first letter of each word, but each is pronounced letter by letter.
− FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation
− ASAP – as soon as possible
− ETA – expected time of arrival
− UFO – unidentified flying object
− PTO – paid time off
Shortening Words
Abbreviations can be used to shorten (get rid of) the endings or the beginning of a word. Some are so commonly used that we often forget it comes from
a longer word.
− App – application
− Rhino – rhinoceros
− Ad – advertisement
− Comfy – comfortable
− Plane – airplane
Contractions
Contractions are where English speakers remove letters from the middle of
a word.
− St. – Saint
− Ave. – Avenue
− Sr. – Senior
− Jr. – Junior
16. What do the following сloud computing аabbreviations stand for?
If you need look them up in the dictionary.
1
AZ
2
BYOD
3
CAMP
4
CDMI
5 CSP
Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
97
6
DaaS
7
GCLB
8
GCS 9
HP CSA
10
HPC
11
HTTP
12
IG
13
MaaS
14
MDM
15
PaaS
16
PLEX
17
RPS
18
SaaS
19
SES
20
XaaS
17. Work with a partner. Search for any other abbreviations that can
be used while discussing cloud computing. Then ask the rest of the group
what they stand for.
18. Work in teams. Create a presentation advertising your cloud computing service. Think of your target audience, its purposes and peculiarities,
benefits over other cloud computing services.
Follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzIxD1jXn44 or go to
page 197 to learn how to create a good presentation.
WRITING
Writing an annotation
19. Write an annotation of the article from exercise 10.
Follow these tips:
− include the main theme feature;
− write briefly and to the point;
− highlight the main thing;
− tell the essence of the work, without going into key details;
− intrigue.
The following phrases can help you to organize your annotation.
Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
98
− This article argues ...
− The article introduces the study ...
− Particular attention is focused on ...
− Characteristic features are distinguished and described ...
− The relevance of this article is ...
− The author traces the formation ...
− Provided a rationale for ...
− Outlines views on ...
Unit 7. Cloud Comruting
99
UNIT 7
CLOUD COMPUTING
LEAD-IN
1.Follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jekwHBI1ySU to
watch “The Epic History of Artificial Intelligence” and learn about the
evolution of AI. While watching the video pick out the main steps of its
development.
2. Watch the video again and fill the table, saying what the following
people and companies did for the development of AI.
Influencers
Milestones
Period
1
Thomas Hobbes
René Descartes
17th–18th centuries
2
George Boole
1854
3
Alfred North Whitehead Bertrand Russell
1913
4
Alan Turing
1930-s
5
Isaac Asimov
1950
6
Dartmouth college
1956
7
Carnegie Mellon researchers
the late 50s and 1960s
8
MIT AI lab
1965
9
Mansfield Amendment
1969
10
John Hopfield
1982
11
Geoffrey Hinton
David Rumelhart
The early 1980s
12
Garry Kasparov
1997
13
Darpa
2004
14
IBM 2011
Unit 7. Cloud Comruting
100
Influencers
Milestones
Period
15
Jeffrey Dean
2012
16
Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk and others
2015
17
DeepMind
2016
18
The Asilomar Conference
2017
USEFUL VOCABULARY
3. To be able to discuss the main features and peculiarities of AI we need
to study the following terminology and professional vocabulary.
Artificial Intelligence abbreviation is AI [ˌɑːtɪfɪʃl ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns] − AI is the
study and development of computer systems that can copy intelligent hu-
man behaviour.
Comprehend [ˌkɒmprɪˈhend] means to understand something fully. Note
that this word is often used in negative sentences.
Delve [delv] means to reach inside a bag, container, etc. to search for
something.
Differentiate [ˌdɪfəˈrenʃieɪt] means to recognize or show that two things
are not the same.
Distinguish [dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ] means to recognize the difference between two
people or things. This word is very close in meaning with the previous one.
Diversify [daɪˈvɜːsɪfaɪ] diversify (something) (into something) means to
develop a wider range of products, interests, skills, etc. in order to be more successful or reduce risk.
Enable [ɪˈneɪbl] means to make it possible for something to happen or exist
by creating the necessary conditions.
Encounter [ɪnˈkaʊntə(r)] means to experience something, especially
something unpleasant or difficult, while you are trying to do something else.
Evaluation [ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃn] is the act of forming an opinion of the amount,
value or quality of something after thinking about it carefully.
Evolvе [ɪˈvɒlv] means to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a
more complicated form; to develop something in this way.
Exhausted [ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd] is to be very tired.
Expand [ɪkˈspænd] means to become greater in size, number or im-
portance.
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