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Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
81
UNIT 6
CLOUD COMPUTING
LEAD-IN
1. Follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaPKIkJF7tY to
watch “A brief history of cloud computing” and learn about the evolution of
cloud computing. While watching the video pick out the main steps of its
development.
2. Watch the video again and fill the table, saying what the following
people and companies did for the development of cloud computing.
Influencers
Milestones
Period
1
John McCarthy
1955
1961
2
Sean O’Sullivan and George Favalaro
1996
3
Evan Goldberg
1998
4
Marc Russell Benioff
1999
5
Google
2004
2015
6
Amazon web services
2006
USEFUL VOCABULARY
3. To be able to discuss the main features, peculiarities and types of
cloud computing we need to study the following terminology and professional vocabulary.
Bypass ['baɪpɑːs] – an alternate path. For example, a user may bypass
a server's security measures by finding an alternate path of gaining access to
the server.
Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
82
Cluster ['klʌstə] – a group of two or more computers, or nodes, that run in
parallel to achieve a common goal. This allows workloads consisting of a high
number of individual, parallelizable tasks to be distributed among the nodes in
the cluster. As a result, these tasks can leverage the combined memory and processing power of each computer to increase overall performance.
Conformance [kənˈfɔː.məns] – the degree to which a product meets its pre-
specified criteria.
DevOps ['dev'ɒps] – a concept dealing with, among other things: software
development, operations, and services. It emphasizes communication, collaboration, and integration between software developers and information technology
(IT) operations personnel.
DRaaS ['drɑːs] (Disaster recovery as a service) – a cloud computing service
model that allows an organization to back up its data and IT infrastructure in a
third-party cloud computing environment and provide all the disaster recovery
orchestration, all through a SaaS solution, to regain access and functionality to IT
infrastructure after a disaster. The as-a-service model means that the organization
itself doesn’t have to own all the resources or handle all the management for dis-
aster recovery, instead relying on the service provider.
Grid Computing ['grɪd kəmˌpjuːtɪŋ] means a group of networked comput-
ers that work together as a virtual supercomputer to perform large tasks, such as
analyzing huge sets of data or weather modeling.
Hypervisor ['haɪpəvaɪzə] refers to a small software layer that enables mul-
tiple operating systems to run alongside each other, sharing the same physical
computing resources. These operating systems come as virtual machines (VMs).
IaaS ['aɪəs] (Infrastructure as a Service) – a form of cloud computing that
delivers fundamental compute, network, and storage resources to consumers ondemand, over the internet, and on a pay-as-you-go basis. IaaS enables end users
to scale and shrink resources on an as-needed basis, reducing the need for high,
up-front capital expenditures or unnecessary “owned” infrastructure, especially
in the case of “spiky” workloads. IaaS provides the lowest-level control of resources in the cloud.
Inadvertent mistakes [ˌɪnəd'vɜːt(ə)nt] [mɪ'steɪks] are not intentional
mistakes.
Multicloud [ˌmʌl.tiˈklaʊd] means the use of cloud services from more than
one cloud vendor. It can be as simple as using software-as-a-service (SaaS) from
different cloud vendors – e.g., Salesforce and Workday.
Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
83
Offload (v) [ˌɔf'ləud] refers to managing to sell or give something that you
do not want to someone else; move (data or a task) from one processor to another
in order to free the first processor for other tasks.
PaaS [pæs] (Platform as a Service) means a cloud computing model that
provides customers a complete cloud platform – hardware, software, and infrastructure – for developing, running, and managing applications without the cost,
complexity, and inflexibility that often comes with building and maintaining
that platform on-premises. The PaaS provider hosts everything – servers, networks, storage, operating system software, databases, development tools –
at their data center.
Power outage ['pauə] ['autɪʤ] (also called a powercut, a power out, a power
blackout, a power failure, a power loss, or a blackout) refers to the loss of the
electrical power network supply to an end user.
Proprietary [prə'praɪət(ə)rɪ] means owned and legally controlled by a par-
ticular company.
Redundancy [rɪ'dʌndən(t)sɪ] that is a situation in which something is un-
necessary because it is more than it is needed.
Resource pooling [rɪ'sɔːs] ['puːlɪŋ] means a situation in which providers
serve multiple clients, customers or "tenants" with provisional and scalable services. These services can be adjusted to suit each client's needs without any
changes being apparent to the client or end user.
SaaS [sæs] (Software as a Service) – a cloud-based software delivery model
in which the cloud provider develops and maintains cloud application software,
provides automatic software updates, and makes software available to its customers via the internet on a pay-as-you-go basis. The public cloud provider manages
all the hardware and traditional software, including middleware, application software, and security.
Serverless Computing ['sɜːvəˌles kəmˌpjuːtɪŋ] – serverless is a cloud com-
puting execution model that automatically provisions the computing resources
required to run application code on demand, or in response to a specific event;
automatically scales those resources up or down in response to increased or decreased demand; automatically scales resources to zero when the application
stops running.
Shared tenancy [ʃeəd] [ˈtenənsi] (software multitenancy) refers to a soft-
ware architecture in which a single instance of software runs on a server and
serves multiple tenants.
Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
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Tenant ['tenənt] means a group of users who share a common access with
specific privileges to the software instance.
Utility computing [juː'tɪllətɪ kəmˌpjuːtɪŋ] – a model in which computing
resources are provided to the customer based on specific demand. The service
provider charges exactly for the services provided, instead of a flat rate.
Virtual machine (VM) ['vɜːʧuəl] [məˈʃiːn] means files that mimic an entire
computing hardware environment in software.
Virtual space ['vɜːʧuəl 'speɪs] (virtual world) ['vɜːʧuəl 'wɜːld] it is a com-
puter-simulated environment which may be populated by many users who can
create a personal avatar [ˌævə'tɑː], and simultaneously and independently explore
the virtual world, participate in its activities and communicate with others. These
avatars can be textual, graphical representations or live video avatars with auditory and touch sensations.
Virtualization [ˌvɜːtʃuəlaɪˈzeɪʃən] is a process that allows for more effi-
cient utilization of physical computer hardware and is the foundation of cloud
computing.
4. Think about the Russian equivalents of the terms given above.
5. Match the following definitions with the terms.
DEFINITIONS
TERMS
1
A group of two or more computers, or nodes, that run in
parallel to achieve a common goal.
multicloud
2
The degree to which a product meets its prespecified criteria.
shared tenancy
3
A concept dealing with software development, operations, and services.
serverless computing
4
A group of networked computers that work together as a
virtual supercomputer to perform large tasks.
resource pooling
5
A small software layer that enables multiple operating
systems to run alongside each other, sharing the same
physical computing resources.
cluster
6
The use of cloud services from more than one cloud vendor.
grid computing
7
To move (data or a task) from one processor to another in
order to free the first processor for other tasks.
power outage
8
The loss of the electrical power network supply to an end
user.
virtual space
Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
85
DEFINITIONS
TERMS
9
Owned and legally controlled by a particular company.
utility computing
10
A situation in which providers serve multiple clients, customers or "tenants" with provisional and scalable services.
These services can be adjusted to suit each client's needs
without any changes being apparent to the client or end
user.
offload
11
A cloud computing execution model that automatically
provisions the computing resources required to run application code on demand, or in response to a specific event.
DevOps
12
A software architecture in which a single instance of software runs on a server and serves multiple tenants.
conformance
13
A model in which computing resources are provided to the
customer based on specific demand.
hypervisor
14
Files that mimic an entire computing hardware environment in software.
virtual machine
15
A computer-simulated environment which may be populated by many users who can create a personal avatar, and
simultaneously and independently explore the virtual
world, participate in its activities and communicate with
others. These avatars can be textual, graphical representations, or live video avatars with auditory and touch sensations.
proprietary
6. Match the words in A with their synonyms in B.
A B
1
conformance
a
common
2
redundancy
b
cut 3 shared
c
surplus
4
outage
d
holder
5
tenant
e
accidental
6
inadvertent
f
error
7
offload
g
group
8
proprietary
h
conformity
9
mistake
i
get rid of
10
cluster
j
trademarked
7. Read the definition and write the term.
Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
86
DEFINITIONS
TERMS
1
A cloud computing service model that allows an organization to back up its data and IT infrastructure in
a third-party cloud computing environment and provide all the disaster recovery orchestration (5 letters).
_ _ _ _ _
2
A small software layer that enables multiple operating
systems to run alongside each other, sharing the same
physical computing resources (10).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3
A form of cloud computing that delivers fundamental
compute, network, and storage resources to consumers
on-demand, over the internet, and on a pay-as-you-go
basis (4).
_ _ _ _
4
A cloud computing model that provides customers a
complete cloud platform (4).
_ _ _ _
5
A cloud-based software delivery model in which the
cloud provider develops and maintains cloud application software, provides automatic software updates,
and makes software available to its customers via the
internet on a pay-as-you-go basis (4).
_ _ _ _
6
The use of cloud services from more than one cloud
vendor (10).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7
A concept dealing with, among other things: software
development, operations, and services (6).
_ _ _ _ _ _
8
An alternate path (6).
_ _ _ _ _ _
9
The activity of using a computer and writing programs
for it (9).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10
Something resorted to for aid or support (8).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11
The process that allows for more efficient utilization
of physical computer hardware and is the foundation
of cloud computing (14).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
12
A group of users who share a common access with
specific privileges to the software instance (6).
_ _ _ _ _ _
13
Owned and legally controlled by a particular company
(11).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14
To manage to sell or give something that you do not
want to someone else (7).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
15
It is a computer-simulated environment (7, 5).
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _
Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
87
USEFUL GRAMMAR
Grammar to study: The infinitive
8. Read the text and fill the gaps with the correct infinitive forms (active
or passive) of the following verbs:
customize, free up, handle x2, host, give, locate, make,
meet x2, purchase, provide, scale, scale up, use
Many advantages can (1) _____ with a hybrid cloud platform to organizations − such as greater flexibility, more deployment options, security, compliance, and getting more value from their existing infrastructure. When computing
and processing demand fluctuates, hybrid cloud computing are said (2) _____
businesses the ability (3) _____ seamlessly their on-premises infrastructure to the
public cloud (4) _____ any overflow − without giving third-party datacenters ac-
cess to the entirety of their data. Organizations gain the flexibility and innovation
the public cloud provides by running certain workloads in the cloud while keeping highly sensitive data in their own datacenter (5) _____ client needs or regulatory requirements.
This not only allows companies’ computing resources (6) _____ − it also
eliminates the need (7) _____ massive capital expenditures (8) _____ short-term
spikes in demand, as well as when the business needs (9) _____ local resources
for more sensitive data or applications. Companies will pay only for resources
they temporarily use instead of having (10) _____, program, and maintain additional resources and equipment that could remain idle over long periods of time.
A private cloud consists of cloud computing resources used exclusively by
one business or organization. The private cloud can (11) _____ physically at your
organization’s on-site datacenter, or it can (12) _____ by a third-party service
provider. But in a private cloud, the services and infrastructure are always maintained on a private network and the hardware and software are dedicated solely
to your organization.
In this way, a private cloud can make it easier for an organization (13) _____
its resources (14) _____ specific IT requirements. Private clouds are considered
(15) _____ often by government agencies, financial institutions, any other midto large-size organizations with business-critical operations seeking enhanced
control over their environment [17].
Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
88
9. Replace the subordinate clause with the appropriate form of the in-
finitive.
Model:
He was very glad that he had bought that laptop. →
→ B: He was very glad to have bought that laptop.
1. He is proud that he has finished this project.
2. I have a comfortable workplace where I can work.
3. They are sorry that they didn’t visit the team meeting.
4. They bought some software that they can use for their project.
5. They have developed a new program that can facilitate the work of med-
ical staff.
6. The operating systems were developed mostly by private companies so
that they could operate proprietary mainframe computers and applications.
7. Information is translated into a series of binary numbers that the CPU can
manipulate.
8. Unix was designed in such a way that it is portable, multi-tasking and
multi-user in time-sharing configuration.
9. The kernel was given special rights on the system, so it can mediate such
access.
10. Many devices incorporate user-friendly cameras so they can offer video
conferencing.
11. In a packet switching system, data is broken into small chunks, so it can
be communicated.
12. Cloud-based software offers companies from all sectors a number of ben-
efits, including the ability that allows using software from any device either via a
native app or a browser.
13. If they want to operate a computer or a system they should be given a set
of rules and instruction to perform some task.
14. The use of the "cloud" metaphor, that denotes virtualized services, traces
back to 1994.
15. In 2012, Oracle unveiled the Oracle Cloud, which provides the three es-
sential business services: infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), platform-as-a-service
(PaaS), and software-as-a-service (SAAS) (Software-as-a-Service).
Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
89
SPECIALIST READING
10. Skim the following article and match the headings with the para-
graphs.
HEADINGS
1
Advantages of Cloud Computing
2
Deployment Models
3
What Is Cloud Computing?
4
Disadvantages of the Cloud
5
Understanding Cloud Computing
6
Types of Cloud Computing
7
Types of Cloud Services
A___________
Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet.
These resources include tools and applications like data storage, servers,
databases, networking, and software.
Rather than keeping files on a proprietary hard drive or local storage device,
cloud-based storage makes it possible to save them to a remote database. As long
as an electronic device has access to the web, it has access to the data and the
software programs to run it.
Cloud computing is a popular option for people and businesses for a number
of reasons including cost savings, increased productivity, speed and efficiency,
performance, and security.
B___________
Cloud computing is named as such because the information being accessed
is found remotely in the cloud or a virtual space. Companies that provide cloud
services enable users to store files and applications on remote servers and then
access all the data via the Internet. This means the user is not required to be in a
specific place to gain access to it, allowing the user to work remotely.
Cloud computing takes all the heavy lifting involved in crunching and
processing data away from the device you carry around or sit and work at. It also
moves all of that work to huge computer clusters far away in cyberspace. The
Internet becomes the cloud, and voilà – your data, work, and applications are
available from any device with which you can connect to the Internet, anywhere
in the world.
Unit 6. Artificial Intelligence
90
Cloud computing can be both public and private. Public cloud services provide their services over the Internet for a fee. Private cloud services, on the other
hand, only provide services to a certain number of people. These services are a
system of networks that supply hosted services. There is also a hybrid option,
which combines elements of both the public and private services.
C__________
Regardless of the kind of service, cloud computing services provide users
with a series of functions including: email; storage, backup, and data retrieval;
creating and testing apps; analyzing data; audio and video streaming; delivering
software on demand.
Cloud computing is still a fairly new service but is being used by a number
of different organizations from big corporations to small businesses, nonprofits
to government agencies, and even individual consumers.
D___________
There are various types of clouds, each of which is different from the other.
Public clouds provide their services on servers and storage on the Internet. These
are operated by third-party companies, who handle and control all the hardware,
software, and the general infrastructure. Clients access services through accounts
that can be accessed by just about anyone.
Private clouds are reserved for specific clientele, usually one business or
organization. The firm's data service center may host the cloud computing service. Many private cloud computing services are provided on a private network.
Hybrid clouds are, as the name implies, a combination of both public and
private services. This type of model allows the user more flexibility and helps
optimize the user's infrastructure and security.
Newer forms of cloud computing services include the community cloud,
the big data cloud, and the multicloud.
E_________
Cloud computing is not a single piece of technology like a microchip or a
cellphone. Rather, it's a system primarily comprised of three services: softwareas-a-service (SaaS), infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), and platform-as-a-service
(PaaS).
Software-as-a-service (SaaS) involves the licensure of a software application to customers. Licenses are typically provided through a pay-as-you-go model
or on-demand. This type of system can be found in Microsoft Office's 365.
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