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Unit 9. The Internet of Things
141
9. … and communicate that to the user via a specific communications
channel
10. … as it can be deployed on-site as well as in the cloud
THE INTERNET OF THINGS
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects –
“things” – that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for
the purpose (1) ____.
Over the past few years, IoT has become one of the most important technologies of the 21st century. Now that we can connect everyday objects – kitchen
appliances, cars, thermostats, baby monitors – to the internet via embedded devices, seamless communication is possible between people, processes, and things.
By means of low-cost computing, the cloud, big data, analytics, and mobile
technologies, (2) ____. In this hyperconnected world, digital systems can record,
monitor, and adjust each interaction between connected things. The physical
world meets the digital world – and they cooperate.
While the idea of IoT has been in existence for a long time, a collection of
recent advances in a number of different technologies has made it practical.
− Access to low-cost, low-power sensor technology. Affordable and relia-
ble sensors are making IoT technology possible for more manufacturers.
− Connectivity. A host of network protocols for the internet has made it
easy (3) ____.
− Cloud computing platforms. The increase in the availability of cloud plat-
forms enables both businesses and consumers to access the infrastructure they
need to scale up without actually having to manage it all.
− Machine learning and analytics. With advances in machine learning and
analytics, along with access to varied and vast amounts of data stored in the cloud,
businesses can gather insights faster and more easily. The emergence of these
allied technologies continues to push the boundaries of IoT (4) ____.
− Conversational artificial intelligence (AI). Advances in neural networks
have brought natural-language processing (NLP) to IoT devices (such as digi-
tal personal assistants) and made them appealing, affordable, and viable for
home use.
What is IoT technology made of? The IoT technology stack
Unit 9. The Internet of Things
142
For matters of simplicity, we could break down the IoT technology stack
into four basic technology layers involved in making the Internet of Things work.
These are the following:
DEVICE HARDWARE
Devices are objects which actually constitute the ‘things’ within the Internet
of Things. Acting as an interface between the real and the digital worlds, they
may take different sizes, shapes and levels of technological complexity (5) ____.
Practically every material object can be turned into a connected device by the
addition of necessary instrumentation (by adding sensors or actuators along with
the appropriate software) to measure and collect the necessary data.
DEVICE SOFTWARE
This is what actually makes the connected devices ‘smart’. Software is re-
sponsible for implementing the communication with the Cloud, collecting data,
integrating devices (6) ____. What is more, it is device software that also caters
for application level capabilities for users to visualize data and interact with the
IoT system.
COMMUNICATIONS
Having the device hardware and software in place, there must be another
layer which will provide the smart objects with ways and means of exchanging
information with the rest of the IoT world. While it is true that communications
mechanisms are strongly tied to device hardware and software, it is vital to consider them as a separate layer. Communication layer includes both physical connectivity solutions (cellular, satellite, LAN) (7) ____. IoT protocols can be divided into two categories: IoT network protocols (Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Thread, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT) and IoT data protocols (MQTT, HTTP, CoAP, DDS,
LwM2M). Data protocols mainly focus on information exchange, while network
protocols (8) ____. Each category contains a number of protocols that each have
their own unique features.
Choosing the relevant communications solution is one of the vital parts in
constructing every IoT technology stack. The technology chosen will determine
not only the ways in which data is sent to/received from the Cloud, but also how
the devices are managed and how they communicate with third party devices.
IoT PLATFORM
As mentioned earlier, thanks to the ‘smart’ hardware and the software installed the device is able to ‘sense’ what is going on around it (9) ____. An IoT
Unit 9. The Internet of Things
143
platform is the place where all of these data is gathered, managed, processed,
analysed and presented in a user-friendly way. Thus, what makes such a solution
especially valuable is not merely its data collection and IoT device management
capabilities, but rather its ability to analyse and find useful insights from the portions of data provided by the devices via the communications layer. It is also
worth mentioning that platforms can be either installed on-premise or cloudbased. Coiote IoT Device Management platform is a good example of such a
platform (10) ____. The same applies to another IoT platform by AVSystem —
Coiote IoT Data Orchestration [24, 25].
10. Read the article again and say whether the following statements are
true or false.
STATEMENTS
T/F
1
Sensors, software, and other technologies embedded in IoT devices enable them to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems
over the internet.
2
We can connect everyday objects to the internet, so seamless communication is possible between people, processes, and things.
3
By means of low-cost computing, the cloud, big data, analytics, and mobile technologies, physical things can share and collect data almost without human intervention.
4
Digital systems are not able to record, monitor, and adjust each interaction between connected things.
5
Low-cost and reliable sensors are making IoT technology possible for
more manufacturers.
6
The availability of cloud platforms has decreased.
7
IoT devices provide an interface between the real and the digital worlds.
8 Nearly every material object can become a connected device.
9
Hardware makes the connected devices ‘smart’.
10
Data protocols mainly focus on methods of connecting IoT edge devices
with other edge devices or the Internet.
11. Answer the following questions according to the article.
1. What did advances in neural networks result in?
2. What has made the idea of IoT practical?
3. What is necessary to turn a physical object into an IoT device?
4. Is software responsible for performing real-time data analysis within the
IoT network?
Unit 9. The Internet of Things
144
5. Which technology layer provides the smart objects with ways and means
of exchanging information with the rest of the IoT world?
6. What does communication layer include?
7. Where is all data gathered, managed, processed, analyzed and presented
in a user-friendly way?
8. What makes IoT platforms especially valuable?
9. Where can an IoT platform be deployed?
10. What is NB-IoT?
12. Summarize the text from exercise 9. Be guided with the tips on
page 201.
VOCABULARY IN USE
14. Follow the link https://rutube.ru/audio/c02bb6cef8b31e5b63b1d-
5661b5fe06b/ to listen to the article. Then read the article and fill the gaps.
THE INTERNET OF THINGS
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects that
are (1) _____ with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of
connecting and (2) _____ data with other devices and (3) _____ over the internet.
These devices range from ordinary household objects to sophisticated industrial
(4) _____. There are already more connected things than people in the world.
Over the past few years, (5) _____ has become one of the most important
technologies of the 21st century. Now that we can connect everyday objects —
kitchen appliances, cars, thermostats, baby monitors—to the internet (6) _____
embedded devices, seamless communication is possible between people,
(7) _____, and things.
By means of low-cost computing, (8) _____, big data, analytics, and mobile
technologies, physical (9) _____ can share and collect data with minimal human
(10) _____. In this hyperconnected world, digital systems can record, (11) _____,
and adjust each interaction between (12) _____ things. The physical world meets
the digital world − and they cooperate.
Pretty much any physical object can be transformed (13) _____ an IoT device if it can be connected to the internet to be (14) _____ or communicate information.
Unit 9. The Internet of Things
145
A lightbulb that can be switched on using (15) _____ is an IoT device, as is
a motion sensor or a smart thermostat in your office or a connected streetlight.
An IoT device could be as fluffy as a child's toy or as serious as a (16) _____
truck. Some larger objects may themselves be filled with many smaller IoT
(17) _____, such as a jet engine that's now filled with thousands of (18) _____
collecting and transmitting data back to make sure it is operating (19) _____. At
an even bigger scale, smart cities projects are filling entire regions with sensors
to help us understand and control (20) _____ [26].
15. Read the text and fill the gaps with one of the given words:
platform, hardware, connected, Oracle, device, valuable,
exchanged, share, embedded, the Internet of Things, network,
sensors, the cloud, protocols, integrates, analyzes, to communicate
In a nutshell, the Internet of Things is the concept of connecting any
(1) _____ (so long as it has an on/off switch) to the Internet and to other (2) _____
devices. The IoT is a giant network of connected things and people – all of which
collect and (3) _____ data about the way they are used and about the environment
around them.
In simple terms, (4) _____ refers to the digitally connected universe of smart
devices. These devices are (5) _____ with internet connectivity, sensors and other
(6) _____ that allow communication and control via the web.
IoT works like this:
1. Devices have hardware, like (7) _____, that collect data.
2. The data collected by the sensors is then shared via (8) _____ and inte-
grated with software.
3. The software then (9) _____ and transmits the data to users via an app or
website.
Devices and objects with built in sensors are connected to an Internet of
Things (10) _____, which (11) _____ data from the different devices and applies
analytics to share the most (12) _____ information with applications built to address specific needs. There are hundreds of IoT platforms, and some are made by
industry giants like (13) _____ and IBM.
The Internet of Things is largely made possible by technologies that connect
devices and enable them (14) _____ with one another. These technologies can be
divided into two categories: IoT data (15) _____ that allow information to be
Unit 9. The Internet of Things
146
(16) _____ between devices even without an internet connection, and IoT (17)
_____ protocols that link devices to one another and to the internet [27].
SPEAKING
Talking about visuals
LANGUAGE WORK
16. What are these visuals called in English? Match the visuals with
their names.
a
b c d
e f g
h
1) table 2) pie chart 3) flow chart 4) map 5) graph 6) organizational chart/or-
ganigram 7) bar chart 8) technical drawing
17. Which is the box:
1. in the centre?
2. in the bottom left-hand corner?
3. across the top?
4. down the left side of the slide?
5. on the left?
6. in the upper right-hand corner?
7. across the bottom?
8. on the right?
Unit 9. The Internet of Things
147
18. These verbs are used to describe movement or trends. Put them in
the correct category: upward, downward, or other form of movement.
climb, decline, decrease, double, drop, expand, fall, fluctuate,
go down, go up, grow, hit a low, increase, pick up, plunge,
reach a high, recover, remain stable, rise, stabilize, stay the same
upward
downward
other
19. Match the two parts to make sentences used to talk about visuals.
1. Let’s now have a look
2. The black line gives us
3. Each line on the graph indicates
4. In the upper right-hand corner
5. The graph on the following slide
6. Now I’d like you to take
7. The names of the newmodels are
listed
8. You can see the test results in the
9. This aspect of the problem is illustrated in
10. I’d like to draw your
a. shows our revenues since 2004.
b. the next pie chart.
c. at how the new division will be structured.
d. attention to the figures in the left-hand column.
e. you can see the specifications for the TP
model.
f. the sales figures for the VW Fox.
g. table on the right.
h. a look at the next slide.
i. the production output of different product.
j. across the top.
20. Complete the sentences with the given words. Translate into
Russian.
to rise, jumped, to expand, increase, tripling, to triple, increased,
reaching, has grown, drastically, to grow
1. The total Internet of Things (IoT) market worldwide was worth around
182 billion U.S. dollars in 2020, and is forecast _____ to more than 621 billion
U.S. dollars in 2030, _____ its revenue in ten years. Not only this, but the number
of IoT connected devices worldwide is forecast _____ during this span in time.
2. The volume of connected IoT devices _____ recently. And is expected _____ year-over-year for the foreseeable future.
3. In 2015, there were 260 publicly known IoT platforms. This figure _____
to 360 in 2016. And _____ by a further 90 to 450 the following year.
4. Despite a marked _____ in IoT spending in recent years, market share by
region isn’t expected to change _____.
Unit 9. The Internet of Things
148
5. The number of 5G-enabled IoT connections continues _____ and will
grow to 46%, _____ approximately 200 million 5G connections by 2025.
21. Find statistics about IoT on the Internet. Prepare your talk and visual aids. Present and comment on the IoT statistics. Be guided with the tips
on page 203.
WRITING
Writing an opinion essay
22. The future of IoT is bright. Do you agree? Write an opinion essay
(250-300 words). Write about emerging trends and applications, include statistics. Be guided with the tips on page 196.
Unit 10. Information Security
149
UNIT 10
INFORMATION SECURITY
LEAD-IN
1. Follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcSvKyeYI00 to
watch “What are InfoSec Risks?”. Put the risks in the right order as they are
explored in the video.
1. Accidental Loss or Damage
2. Hacking
3. Phishing Emails
4. Common Types of Information Security Risk
2. Watch the video again and answer the questions.
1. What would an infosec risk result in?
2. What consequences can an infosec risk have?
3. What different forms can risks come in?
4. What is a threat?
5. What is vulnerability?
6. What is a risk?
7. How many types of infosec risks are explored in the video?
8. What is accidental loss or damage?
9. How do phishing emails pose a threat to organizations?
10. What can hackers do?
11. Is it possible to avoid infosec risks?
USEFUL VOCABULARY
3. To be able to discuss the main features, peculiarities and types of Information Security we need to study the following terminology and professional vocabulary.
Unit 10. Information Security
150
Information Security [ɪn.fəˌmeɪ.ʃən sɪˈkjʊə.rə.ti] is the protection of infor-
mation and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction in order to provide confidentiality, integrity,
and availability.
CIA triad [ˌsiː.aɪˈeɪˈtraɪ.æd] − confidentiality, integrity, and availability are
known as the CIA triad. The CIA triad is a common model that forms the basis
for the development of security systems.
Confidentiality (n) [ˌkɒn.fɪ.den.ʃiˈæl.ə.ti] means information is not dis-
closed to unauthorized individuals.
Integrity (n) [ɪnˈteɡ.rə.ti] means maintaining accuracy and complete-
ness of data.
Availability (n) [əˌveɪ.ləˈbɪl.ə.ti] means information must be available
when needed.
Unauthorized user [ʌnˈɔː.θə.raɪzd ˈjuː.zər] − a person who gains logical
or physical access without permission to a network, system, application, data,
or other resource.
Sensitive data [ˈsen.sɪ.tɪvˈdeɪ.tə] − information that needs protecting
against unauthorized access to minimize possible harm to individuals and
businesses.
Data encryption [ˈdeɪ.tə ɪnˈkrip.ʃən] translates data into another form, or
code, so that only people with access to a secret key (formally called a decryption
key) or password can read it. Encrypted data is commonly referred to as cipher-
text [ˈsaɪ.fər .tekst], while unencrypted data is called plaintext [ˈpleɪn.tekst].
Data breach [ˈdeɪ.tə briːtʃ] − a security incident that involves the exposure,
loss, theft, destruction, or alteration of personal information − either intenti-
onal or accidental. Cyber attacks and human error can both be responsible for
data breaches.
Data theft − [ˈdeɪ.tə θeft] the act of stealing digital information stored on
computers, servers, or electronic devices to obtain confidential information or
compromise privacy.
Data loss [ˈdeɪ.tə lɒs] − an incident where data is destroyed, deleted, or
made unreadable by users and software applications. A data loss incident can be
intentional or accidental.
Data leak [ˈdeɪ.təˈliːk] is when sensitive data is accidentally exposed phys-
ically, on the Internet or any other form including lost hard drives or laptops.
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