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Appendix
171
Think about the meaning of the topic statement, and briefly rewrite it using
your own words. Try not to use the same grammatical structures as in the essay
question, and try to move language around. In other words, be flexible.
How to write the body paragraphs
Write the advantages and disadvantages in separate paragraphs. Each main
body paragraph should contain:
An advantage (or disadvantage) – your main idea
A more detailed explanation of this
An example which illustrates this
You can also include a 2nd advantage or 2nd disadvantage in the same paragraph.
How to write the conclusion
Write a summary of your ideas.
Do NOT write any new ideas in your conclusion. If you think of new ideas
while writing your conclusion, forget them! It’s too late!
Linkers or transitional words make any text more readable and smoothly
translate the reader from one idea to another. Take a look at a couple of examples
of good transition words for an essay:
Linkers and Transitional Words for an Advantages Disadvantages Essay
To list advantages/ disadvantages
the main advantage is…
the main disadvantage is …
another advantage is
To add more point to the same topic
In addition, …
Furthermore, …
What is more …
To introduce an example:
For instance …
For example …
To make contrasting points:
However, …
In spite (of the fact) …
Although …
On the other hand …
To give a reason:
Because + clause …
Because of + noun …
To conclude:
To sum up…
To conclude…
In conclusion…, etc.
Appendix
172
FOUR TIPS FOR WRITING A GOOD SUMMARY
1. Find the main idea. A useful summary distills the source material down
to its most important point to inform the reader. Pick the major point you want to
communicate to the reader and use your limited sentences wisely to convey it.
Take down a few notes to help outline your thoughts in an organized manner.
2. Keep it brief. A summary is not a rewrite – it’s a short summation of the
original piece. Keep it short and to the point. Eliminate redundancies or repetitive
text to keep your paragraph clear and concise.
3. Write without judgment. If you are summarizing an original text or piece
of media, you are gathering and condensing its most relevant information, not
writing a review. Write your summary in your own words and avoid adding
your opinion.
4. Make sure it flows. Transitions are incredibly helpful when it comes to
building momentum in your writing. Connect your sentences with transition
words, making sure they flow together and convey your summary clearly.
HOW TO WRITE AN EMAIL COVER LETTER
Employers sometimes request a cover letter with your job application when
they want to know more about you. Using an email as a cover letter is a simple
process that allows the hiring party to assess your most notable accomplishments
quickly, which can help encourage them to give your resume further consideration. Learning how to craft an engaging email cover letter can increase your
chances of getting a job offer.
Tips
1. Try to find out the name of the person hiring and address your cover letter
to them.
2. Start with a clear statement about who you are and the role you are apply-
ing for.
3. Then give information about your current work (or studies if you are still
a student).
4. Mention how and why this experience is suited to the new company and
role, including any transferable skills (= things you have learned that you will
take with you to future jobs).
5. End with a closing statement that suggests further contact.
Appendix
173
I look forward to hearing from you.
Here is a template you can reference when writing your own email cover
letter:
Subject: Cover Letter: [Your name] for [Job title]
Dear [First and last name of the recruiter] or hiring manager,
[Mention who you are and state your reasons for applying to the vacant position. Discuss how you heard about the position or a similar anecdote, if relevant.]
[In the mid-section of your cover letter, highlight key skills, experience and
attributes relevant to the job role. Provide a few short examples to demonstrate
and expand on your capabilities.]
[The final paragraph draws together your main points and confirms your
suitability. Reaffirm why you're the ideal candidate for the position and express
your passion and interest in the employer. Thank the hiring manager or recruiter
for their time and state that you look forward to hearing from them in the future.]
[Close the cover letter with a formal salutation and your name and contact
details.]
Sincerely,
[Your signature, if needed]
[Your full name]
[Contact details]
TALKING ABOUT VISUALS
Useful expressions:
Introducing visuals
• Ok/all rite, let’s take a look at...
• Here, I have a slide that....
• Have a look at....
• The first/second/third slide is about....
• As you can see here....
• It’s clearly seen that....
Locating a point on a slide
• On the left side....
• At the top....
• On the right here....
• At the bottom....
Checking with audience
• Is this clear enough for everyone?
• Hope it’s clear enough for everyone to see.
• Can everybody see that?
Appendix
174
Meaning of the visual
• This (graph/picture/diagram/chart) shows that...
• This (graph/picture/diagram/chart) tells us
about/that....
• This (graph/picture/diagram/chart) demonstrates/il-
lustrates/refers to....
• As you can see here....
• It’s clearly seen (here) that....
• Let’s now look at the next slide which shows…
• First let me quickly explain the graph.
• You can see that different colours have been used to
indicate…
Highlighting information
• I’d like to start by drawing your attention to…
• What I’d like to point out here is…
• I think you’ll be surprised to see…
• Let’s look more closely at…
Types of graphs and charts
Upward trends
The all-purpose verbs below simply show an upward movement; they don’t
indicate whether the movement is fast or slow, steady or erratic. For more precision, they can be combined with an adverb.
Appendix
175
to increase
to rise
to go up
to climb
to grow
gradually
steadily
constantly
slowly
slightly
sharply
significantly
dramatically
Downward Trends
As for upward trends, all-purpose verbs simply show a downward move-
ment; they don’t indicate whether the movement is fast or slow, steady or erratic.
For more precision, they can be combined with an adverb.
to decrease
to go down
to decline
to fall
gradually
steadily
constantly
slowly
slightly
dramatically
sharply
drastically
significantly
rapidly
Special cases
A peak
to peak
to reach a peak
to reach a high point
to hit record levels
A plateau
to level off
to remain steady
to flatten out
to reach a plateau
Appendix
176
Fluctuation
to fluctuate
to zigzag
A low point
to bottom out
to hit a low point
COMPARATIVE ESSAY OUTLINE
To write a comparative essay, start by writing an introduction that introduces
the 2 subjects you'll be comparing. You should also include your thesis statement
in the introduction, which should state what you've concluded based on your comparisons. Next, write the body of your essay so that each paragraph focuses on
one point of comparison between your subjects. Finally, write a conclusion that
summarizes your main points and draws a larger conclusion about the two things
you compared.
I. Introduction
A. Hook or attention-grabbing statement
B. Background information on the topic
C. Thesis statement that states the main points of comparison
II. Comparison Point 1
A. Topic sentence introducing the first point of comparison
B. Description and analysis of the first subject
C. Description and analysis of the second subject
D. Comparison and contrast of the two subjects
E. Transition to the next point
III. Comparison Point 2
A. Topic sentence introducing the second point of comparison
B. Description and analysis of the first subject
Appendix
177
C. Description and analysis of the second subject
D. Comparison and contrast of the two subjects
E. Transition to the next point
IV. Comparison Point 3
A. Topic sentence introducing the third point of comparison
B. Description and analysis of the first subject
C. Description and analysis of the second subject
D. Comparison and contrast of the two subjects
E. Transition to the conclusion
V. Conclusion
A. Restate the thesis statement and summarize the main points
B. Final thoughts on the comparison and its significance
C. Closing statement or call to action
Remember, this is just a general outline. You can modify it according to the
specific requirements and nature of your comparative essay.
ASKING AND GIVING OPINIONS
USEFUL PHRASES
Asking for Opinions
How do you feel about that?
What is your point of view?
David, I would really appreciate your view.
Have you got any thoughts on this?
Do you have any views on this?
Does anyone have any other comments?
Responding to Opinions
I see what you mean.
You’ve got a point there.
That’s a very good point.
That’s a great suggestion.
That’s one way of looking at it.
Expressing Opinions
Strong
I believe…
Appendix
178
I’m convinced that…
I’m sure that…
I have no doubt…
There’s no doubt in my mind that…
I’m quite certain that…
Medium
I think…
Well, if you ask me…
I’d like to point out that…
As I see it…
In my opinion…
Weak
I feel that…
My impression is that…
I am not sure but I am leaning towards…
I tend to think…
Agreeing
Strong
Absolutely.
Exactly.
I totally agree with you.
I have exactly the same opinion as you.
You have hit the nail on the head. (idiom)
Medium
I agree to a certain extent.
I am with you up to a point.
I agree partly.
I guess you’re right.
Disagreeing
Strong
I totally disagree.
I’m afraid I can’t agree with you there.
With respect, I have to say I don’t agree.
I disagree entirely.
Appendix
179
I can’t go along with that at all.
It’s out of the question.
I understand what you are saying, but I have a different opinion.
Medium
I agree with you to a point but I disagree about…
I know what you mean but…
I don’t really agree with you.
I think it might be better to…
I’d be inclined to think the opposite.
Expressing Reservations
I’m not sure that’s such a good idea.
Don’t you think that…?
I’m concerned that…
I’m not entirely convinced that…
MAKING COMPAIRISONS
Comparative adjectives are used to compare two things. They indicate a
higher or lower degree of a particular quality or characteristic. Superlative adjectives are used to compare more than two things or people. They indicate the highest or lowest degree of a quality or characteristic.
Comparative phrases:
B is as tall as C.
A is not as tall as C.
E is much taller than A.
E is a lot taller than C.
B is a little bit taller than A.
B is slightly taller than A.
C is less tall than E.
Superlative phrases:
E is by far the tallest.
D is the 2nd tallest.
D is one of the tallest.
A is the least tall.
B A C
D
E
Appendix
180
There are several other ways to express comparatives and superlatives
by modifying the base grammar. The phrases below tend to show the extent of
the difference between things. Sometimes things are equal, or there is a small
difference, or there is a large difference. This can be an important factor to take
into account.
Comparative and superlative adverbs are used to compare the intensity or
manner of an action or event. They function similarly to comparative and superlative adjectives, but modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs instead of nouns.
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