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Файл:English for Law Enforcement Professionals (Английский язык для сотрудников правоохранительных органов). Ч.1. Учебное пособие
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С существительными и глаголами dis- употребляется очень
Приставка
Значение и употребление
Примеры
Un-
Отрицательная приставка. С
ее помощью образуется основная масса отрицательных
прилагательных
unable – неспособный,
unaware – неосведомленный,
uncertain – неуверенный,
unclear – неясный,
unfriendly – недружелюбный,
unhelpful – бесполезный,
uninformed – неосведомленный,
unknown – неизвестный,
unpleasant – неприятный,
unpredictable – непредсказуемый
In-
Приставка с отрицательным
значением, употребляющаяся
в основном перед ac / c
inaccessible – недостижимый,
inaccurate – неточный,
inadequate – неадекватный,
incapable – неспособный,
incomplete – незавершенный,
incredible – невероятный.
Исключения: indefinite, inevitable, infinite,
inflexible, informal, insecure, insignificant,
invalid, invariable, invisible, involuntary
Il-
Употребляется только перед l
illegal – нелегальный,
illegible – нечеткий, неразборчивый,
illiterate – неграмотный,
illogical – нелогичный
часто: disfigure – искажать, disjoin – разъединять; dislike –
неприязнь, disbalance – дисбаланс.
Префикс mis- можно перевести как неправильный, ошибочный, именно
этот смысл данный префикс придает словам: misunderstand – неверно понять, misleading – вводящий в заблуждение, mismatch – плохое
сочетание, misusage – неправильное употребление.
Следует внимательно использовать отрицательные префиксы. С каж-
дым словом практически во всех случаях может употребляться только один
определенный префикс.
Запомните следующие слова:
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Приставка
Значение и употребление
Примеры
Исключение: disloyal
Ir-
Употребляется только перед r
irrational – нерациональный,
irregular – неправильный,
irrelevant – неуместный,
irreparable – неисправимый,
irresistible – неотразимый,
irresponsible – безответственный,
irreversible – необратимый
Im-
Употребляется перед p, реже
перед m
immature – незрелый,
impatient – неспокойный,
imperfect – неидеальный,
impossible – невозможный,
imprecise – неточный
Dis-
Случаи употребления dis- необходимо запомнить
disagreeable – неприятный,
dishonorable – позорный,
dishonest – бесчестный,
disloyal – нелояльный,
distasteful – противный,
distrustful – недоверчивый
Non-
Случаи употребления nonнеобходимо запомнить
nonexistent – несуществующий,
nonmetallic – неметаллический,
nonpartisan – беспартийный,
nonresident – нерезидентский
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Тема 15. Конституция США
15.1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
Constitution of the United States
Constitution of the United States of America, the fundamental law of
the U.S. federal system of government and a landmark document of the
Western world. The oldest written national constitution in use, the Constitution defines the principal organs of government and their jurisdictions
and the basic rights of citizens.
The Constitution was written during the summer of 1787 in Philadel-
phia, Pennsylvania. The Constitution was the product of political compromise after long and often rancorous debates over issues such as states’
rights, representation, and slavery. Delegates from small and large states
disagreed over whether the number of representatives in the new federal legislature should be the same for each state – as was the case under the
Articles of Confederation – or different depending on a state’s population.
In addition, some delegates from Northern states sought to abolish slavery
or, failing that, to make representation dependent on the size of a state’s
free population. At the same time, some Southern delegates threatened to
abandon the convention if their demands to keep slavery and the slave
trade legal and to count slaves for representation purposes were not met.
Eventually the framers resolved their disputes by adopting a proposal put
forward by the Connecticutdelegation. The Great Compromise, as it came
to be known, created a bicameral legislature with a Senate, in which all
states would be equally represented, and a House of Representatives, in
which representation would be apportioned on the basis of a state’s free
population plus three-fifths of its slave population. A further compromise
on slavery prohibited Congress from banning the importation of slaves until 1808 (Article I, Section 9). After all the disagreements were bridged, the
new Constitution was submitted for ratification to the 13 states on September 28, 1787. In 1787–88, in an effort to persuade New York to ratify the
Constitution, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison published
a series of essays on the Constitution and republican government in New
York newspapers. Their work, written under the pseudonym “Publius” and
collected and published in book form as The Federalist (1788), became a
classic exposition and defense of the Constitution. In June 1788, after the
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Constitution had been ratified by nine states (as required by Article
VII), Congress set March 4, 1789, as the date for the new government to
commence proceedings (the first elections under the Constitution were
held late in 1788). Because ratification in many states was contingent on
the promised addition of a Bill of Rights, Congress proposed
12 amendments in September 1789; 10 were ratified by the states, and their
adoption was certified on December 15, 1791. (One of the original 12 proposed amendments, which prohibited midterm changes in compensation
for members of Congress, was ratified in 1992 as the Twenty-seventh
Amendment. The last one, concerning the ratio of citizens per member of
the House of Representatives, has never been adopted.) The authors of the
Constitution were heavily influenced by the country’s experience under the
Articles of Confederation, which had attempted to retain as much independence and sovereignty for the states as possible and to assign to the
central government only those nationally important functions that the states
could not handle individually. But the events of the years 1781 to 1787, including the national government’s inability to act during Shays’s Rebellion (1786–87) in Massachusetts, showed that the Articles were unworkable because they deprived the national government of many essential powers, including direct taxation and the ability to regulate interstate commerce. It was hoped that the new Constitution would remedy this problem.
15.2. Найдите в тексте следующие слова и словосочетания:
исторический документ, правительство, западный мир, опреде-
ляет, основные права граждан, рабство, изменить, количество представителей, по видимости (якобы), отменить рабство, показал, исправлять, стремиться, размер, зависит от, запрещать, поправки, опыт,
способность.
15.3. Составьте предложения, используя следующие словосоче-
тания:
the fundamental law, the basic rights of citizens, the authors of the
Constitution, important functions, the disagreements, published, at the
same time, Bill of Rights, the country’s first written constitution, in use.
15.4. Подготовьте пересказ текста.
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15.5. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
The U.S. Constitution
The form of the U.S. Government is based on the Constitution of
1787 which was adopted after the War of Independence. A constitution is a
set of customs, traditions, rules and laws that sets forth the basic way a
government is organized and functions. The U.S. Constitution consists of 7
articles and 26 amendments. According to the Founders of the American
state a constitution or higher law should have the following characteristics:
It sets forth the basic rights of citizens to life, liberty, and property.
It establishes the responsibility of the government to protect those
rights.
It establishes limitations on how those in government may use their
powers with regard to – citizens’ rights and responsibilities – the distribution of resources – the control of conflict
It establishes the principle of a private domain – which means that
there are areas of citizens’ lives that are no business of the government and
in which the government cannot interfere.
It can be changed with the consent of the most citizens. This is how
the Constitution differs from the ordinary law that governments regularly
create and enforce. The U.S. Constitution has 26 amendments, the first 10
are called the Bill of Rights and it was adopted in 1791. The Bill enumerated basic freedoms and guaranteed them and declared what the government was not allowed to do.
15.6. Приведите примеры русских слов с таким же корнем:
base; constitution; regulation; political; standards; to form; satisfac-
tion; guarantee; to consolidate; revolution; to control; oligarchy.
15.7. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих
слов и выражений:
свод законов, правил, традиций; принять конституцию; двадцать
шесть поправок к Конституции; Билль о правах; согласие большинства жителей; перечислять; гарантировать; вот в чем отличие Конституции от обычного закона; сферы жизни людей; защищать права; уста-
навливать ограничения; по отношению к.
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15.8. Выразите согласие / несогласие со следующими утвержде-
ниями, используя выражения типа: I quite / completely / agree, I can’t
agree, I think it is not so, it / s wrong, on the contrary:
1. The American Constitution was adopted after the War of Inde-
pendence and it remains unchanged so far. 2. The U.S. Constitution consists of 10 articles and 50 amendments. 3. The U.S. Constitution guarantees freedom of enterprise. 4. The U.S. Constitution was adopted in 1990.
5. The U.S. Constitution is not a form of higher law. 6. The American
Constitution has one main characteristic. 7. Citizens can come to know
about their rights from the Constitution. 8. The principle of a private domain is established in the U.S. Constitution. 9. The U.S. Government can
interfere in citizens’ lives. 10.The Bill of Rights was adopted in 1791.
15.9. Поменяйте действительный залог на страдательный:
1. The Constitution provides a set of rules, laws and regulations. 2.
Some historians regard the Constitution as a conservative document. 3. In
some countries the oligarchy controls the government. 4. The government
makes amendments to the Constitution. 5. The Constitution sets forth the
basic rights of the citizens. 6. By means of higher law the government pro-
tects our rights. 7. Nobody can interfere in citizens’ private domain. 8. The
consent of the most citizens can change the U.S. Constitution. 9. The U.S.
Government bases its work on the Constitution of 1787. 10. Several features characterize any constitution. 11. The Supreme Court represents the
judicial branch of the US Government.
15.10. Напишите по-английски мини-сочинение (15 предложе-
ний) о Конституции РФ, сопоставив Конституцию США и России.
15.11. Раскройте скобки, выбирая правильное время:
I ________ (listen) to the radio while Mary __________ (cook) dinner.
You __________ (buy) this book yesterday?
Last Friday Jill __________ (go) home early because she
__________ (want) to see a film.
When your brother usually __________ (get) home in the evening?
Jane always __________ (bring) us a nice present.
What those people __________ (do) in the middle of the road?
You __________ (read) this book?
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While Fred __________ (sleep), Judy __________ (watch) TV.
When I __________ (be) young, I __________ (think) Mary
__________ (be) nice – but now I __________ (think) she’s fantastic.
Jill __________ (walk) home when she __________ (see) her hus-
band’s car outside the cinema
Look there! Sue and Tim __________ (run) to the traffic police in-
spector.
Jack’s father __________ (not work) in London – he __________
(not speak) English.
Joe __________ (buy) a car yesterday.
Their father often __________ (go) to rock concerts.
While you __________ (sleep), mother __________ (arrive).
15.12. Исправьте ошибки:
When she was younger, she has played tennis every day.
It’s already 10:00, but Jane hasn’t finished her homework already.
Joe crashed his car three times since Christmas.
Did you done your homework, or have you been watching TV?
Karl has been driving since five years.
This hotel has been already in business for twenty years.
15.13. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глагол в правильное время:
Alice ... (not to take) the bus to the Institute every day. She usually ...
(to walk) to the Institute.... (to take) … you the bus to get to the Institute or
... (to walk) you?
Who is this man? I ... (to think) that I ... (to know) him, but I ... (to
forget) his name.
The students ... (to have) a good time in the park yesterday. They ...
(to give) small pieces of bread to the ducks. Then they ... (to take) pictures
of themselves.
Where are the children? They ... (to watch) TV in the room now.
Some minutes ago they ... (to play) a game.
Now I am in my class. I... (to sit) at my desk. I always ... (to sit) at
the same desk.
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15.14. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Simple,
Future Simple, Present Continuous, или используйте конструкцию to be
going to do something:
When you_____ (know) your examination results?
Kathy_____ (travel) to Caracas next month to attend a conference.
Do you have any plans for lunch today? – I _____ (meet) Shannon at
the Sham Cafe in an hour. Do you want to join us?
I ____ (buy) a bicycle for my son for his birthday next month. Do
you know anything about bikes for kids? – Sure. What do you want to
know?
How do you like your new job? – I don’t start it until tomorrow.
I_____ (give) you an answer next week.
I suppose he_____ (talk) about his new invention.
Why are you packing your suitcase? – I_____ (leave) for Los Ange-
les in a couple of hours.
My regular doctor, Dr. Jordan, _____ (attend) a conference in Las
Vegas next week, so I hope I _____ (meet) her partner, Dr. Peterson, when
I _____ (go) for my appointment next Friday.
What time class _____ (begin) tomorrow morning? – It_____ (begin)
at eight o’clock sharp.
The coffee shop _____ (open) at seven o’clock tomorrow morning.
I’ll meet you there at 7:15. – Okay. I’ll be there.
15.15. Раскройте скобки употребляя глаголы в Future Continu-
ous, Present Continuous, Future Simple, или поставьте конструкцию to
be going to do something:
At 5 o’clock tomorrow he _______ (work).
He can’t come at noon tomorrow because he _______ (give) a lesson
at that time.
She_______ (read) an interesting book the whole evening tomorrow.
At 10 o’clock tomorrow morning he_______ (talk) to his friend.
You will recognize her when you see her. She__(wear) a yellow hat.
He___ (have a party) on Saturday 4th December in London at 10 pm.
In the next days you _______ (visit) famous sights.
Jeanne and Paul_______ (move) to London next month.
Leave the washing up. – I _______ (do) it later.
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This time tomorrow I _______ (lie) on the beach.
Look out! You _______ (spill) your tea!
15.16. Раскройте скобки, используя правильное время:
Aren’t you about to finish with the dishes? You _______ (wash) the
dishes for thirty minutes or more. How long can it take you to wash the
dishes?
We _______ (go) to the Steak House restaurant many times. The
food is excellent.
A: What is that sound? B: A car alarm _______ (ring) somewhere
down the street. It _______ (drive) me crazy – I wish it would stop! It
_______ (ring) for more than twenty minutes.
Can you translate this note from Stockholm? I understood Swedish
when I _______ (be) a child, but I _______ (forget) it all.
What’s that dent in the side of the car? You ____ (have) an accident?
I’m sorry, John’s not here; he _______ (go) to the dentist. He
_______ (have) trouble with a tooth for some time.
This cassette recorder is broken. You _______ (play) about with it?
Your Italian is very good. You _______ (study) it long?
Do you mind if I clear the table? You _______ (have) enough to eat?
Ann never _______ (go) camping. She _______ (not sleep) in a tent.
Frank, where have you been? We ______ (wait) for you since 1 p.m.
I’m not surprised he _______ (fail) that exam. He _______ (not /
work) hard recently.
15.17. Pаскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect,
Past Simple или Present Perfect Continuous:
Oh no! The children ______(cook). Look at the state of this kitchen!
How many times Wendy _______ (be) late for work this week?
I’m going to give that cat some food. It _______ (sit) on the doorstep
for hours. I’m sure it’s starving.
I ___ (do) grammar exercises all morning. I deserve a treat for lunch.
You __ (not / buy) your mother a present? That’s really mean of you.
She _______ (work) in Australia for 2 years. Then she moved.
Now where are my keys? This is the third time I __ (lose) them today
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You _______ (ever / play) chess? You should try it. I’m sure it’s the
sort that you’d like.
Oh do be quiet. You _______ (grumble) all day!
Your tennis _____ (really / improve)! You ____ (practice) in secret?
Фонетические упражнения
15.18. Потренируйте правильное произношение на следующих
словах. Необходимо помнить, что при произношении английских слов
губы нужно сжимать сильнее, чем при произношении слов русского
звука:
bob / bɒb /
board / bɔːd /
bond / bɒnd /
back / bæk /
bar / bɑːr /
boast / bəʊst /
baby / ˈbeɪbi /
boss / bɒs /
born / bɔːn /
bye / baɪ /
15.19. Потренируйтесь произносить твердый согласный перед
гласными переднего ряда на словах. Для этого сначала произнесите
твердый согласный и только после этого поднимайте среднюю спинку
языка к твердому небу, чтобы произнести гласный:
bit / bɪt /
before / bɪˈfɔːr /
be / biː /
beyond / biˈjɒnd /
better / ˈbetər /
beer / bɪər /
beach / biːtʃ /
beacon / ˈbiːkən /
beef / biːf /
15.20. Потренируйте правильное произношение звука / p / на
словах. Необходимо помнить, что при произношении английских слов
губы нужно сжимать сильнее, чем при произношении слов русского
звука и произносить звук с придыханием:
poke / pəʊk /
pair / peər /
plait / plæt /
put / pʊt /
proof / pruːf /
210
past / pɑːst /
pack / pæk /
poach / pəʊtʃ /
pod / pɒd /
pub / pʌb /
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