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Файл:English for Law Enforcement Professionals (Английский язык для сотрудников правоохранительных органов). Ч.1. Учебное пособие
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Времена группы Perfect Continuous обычно переводятся на русский
язык глаголами несовершенного вида, причем Present Perfect Continuous в
отличие от Present Perfect переводится глаголом настоящего времени с добавлением наречия уже:
She has been typingletters all day. She is very tired. – Она печатает
письма уже целый день. Она очень устала.
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense подчеркивает длительность дей-
ствия, в то время как Present Perfect – факт совершения действия:
Не has been living in Dublin for two years. He has lived in Dublin for
two years. – Он живет в Дублине уже два года.
Времена Past Perfect Continuous и Future Perfect Continuous
употребляются редко:
He felt very tired when he came home as he had been playing basket-
ball. – Он чувствовал себя очень усталым, когда пришел домой, так как играл
в баскетбол.
I will have been living here for 2 years by the end of 2010. – К концу
2010-го года я буду жить здесь уже два года.
16.8. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова:
1. I have been trying to find a permanent job in police for a consider-
able time. 2.1 have been waiting for a police officer for a whole hour. 3.1
have been waiting for a reply for several weeks and still haven't received
any answer. 4. Pavel Smirnov has been working at this Law Institute since
2003. 5. Misha has been reading the encyclopedia for two hours. 6. The
policemen have been searching the crime scene since 6 p.m. 7. They have
been talking on the phone for an hour. 8. Officer Borisov has been interrogating the suspects in the morning.
16.9. Используйте настоящее совершенное или настоящее со-
вершенное продолженное время вместо инфинитивов в скобках и пе-
реведите предложения:
1. You (to pass) your exam in English literature? 2. I (to try) to learn
English for years, but I (not to make) good progress yet. 3. That book (to
lie) on the table for weeks. You (not to read) it yet? 4. I (to wait) here for
her since 7 o' clock and she (not to come) yet. 5. I (to work) so hard this
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week that I (not to have) time to go to the cinema. 6. I (to know) her all my
life and we always (to be) good friends. 7. I (to read) "War and Peace" for
the last three months. 8. The girls (to talk) about their new dresses for half
an hour already; it seems they have nothing else to talk about.
16.10. Прочитайте ситуацию и напишите предложение в на-
стоящем совершенном продолженном времени (I have been doing). На-
пример: Tom is out of breath, (he / run). – He has been running.
1. Ann is very tired. (she / work / hard)
2. Bob has a black eye and Bill has a cut lip. (Bob and Bill / fight)
3. George has just come back from the beach. He is very red. (he / lie / in
the sun)
4. Janet is hot and tired. (she / play / tennis)
5. David is very tired. (he / examine / the crime scene)
6. The man over there is bright red. (he / sunbathe)
7. Johns clothes are very dirty. (he / work in the garden)
8. The police officer is very tired. (he / search / the suspect).
16.11. Скажите, как долго что-то происходило:
Например: It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago. It has been
raining for two hours.
1. My husband is working in the Metropolitan Police. He started work-
ing there two years ago.
2. Jane studies at the Law Institute. She started studying there in Sep-
tember.
3. My brother works at the police station. He began his work in June.
4. Kevin is studying. He began studying three hours ago.
5. I'm learning Spanish. I started learning Spanish in December.
6. Mary is teaching in London. She started teaching there on 18 January.
7. George smokes. He started smoking five years ago.
8. Ann is looking for a job. She began looking for it six months ago.
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16.12. Задайте вопрос с How long к следующим утверждениям:
Например: It is raining. How long has it been raining?
1. My foot is hurting.
2. Mike plays chess.
3. Jim sells washing machines.
4. Tom is living in Edinburgh.
5. Jack handles the cases connected with traffic law infringement.
6. My best friend deals with crimes and criminals.
7. Kelly is searching for her wallet.
8. The police officer is searching for a very dangerous criminal.
16.13. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения:
1. They had been climbing for five hours before they reached the top
of the mountain. 2.1 had been feeling dizzy all day so I went to bed early.
3. The roads were wet because it had been raining all night. 4. The police
officer came home very tired because he had been chasing the criminals
during his shift. 5.1 wanted to sleep in the morning because I had been doing my homework all night long. 6. It had been snowing all night and the
snow had covered all the roofs. 7. The driver's hands were covered in oil
because he had been trying to repair the car all morning. 8. The officer was
annoyed and exhausted because he had been interrogating the suspect for a
long time.
16.14. Прочитайте ситуацию и затем напишите предложение:
Например: Peter was looking at the window. He was feeling not
well. He had been working scrupulously all day long.
1. Tom was watching television. He was feeling very tired. (he /
study / hard / all day)
2. When I came into the room, it was empty. But there was a smell of
cigarettes. (somebody / smoke / in the room)
3. When Jack returned home his hands were in ink and he seemed to
be tired. (he / take / criminal's / fingerprints)
4. The policeman with a photocamera entered the room. He was ex-
hausted. (he / take / photos / of / crime scene)
5. Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and
she didn't know where she was. (she / dream)
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6. When he looked into the room he saw a detective at the table. The
to manage
military
final
authority
dispute
petition
bankruptcy
special
to operate
appellate
system
argument
jurisdiction
jury
to desert
patent
marshal
to differ
financial
process
municipal
service
to file
provision
officer
avenue
unanimous
to originate
constitutionality
to guarantee
tape recorder was turned on. (he / interrogate / the suspect)
16.15. Поставьте глаголы в правильной форме Past Perfect Con-
tinuous или Past Continuous.
Например: Tom was leaning against the wall, out of breath. He had
been running.
1. Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He (look) for his mo-
bile phone.
2. We (walk) along the road for about 20 minutes when a patrol car
stopped and the police officer showed us the criminal's photos.
3. All the members of the jury were in the court room. They (hear) a
criminal case.
4. A field criminalist (search) for criminals' fingerprints for 20
minutes when the FBI agents arrived.
5. Jenny (look) out of the window for 5 minutes when she saw a man
trying to mug an old lady.
6. When the police arrived the burglars (to make efforts) to open the
safe for 15 minutes.
7. When I entered the room the detective (to interview) the suspect.
16.16. Прочитайте и переведите интернационализмы:
224
16.17. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
The Court System of the USA
The American court system is complex, mainly because of the feder-
al system of government in the USA. Each state runs its own court system,
and no two are identical. In addition, there is a separate system of federal
courts which coexists with the state courts.
The structure of state courts varies from state to state. Usually there
are minor trial courts for less serious cases, major trial courts for more serious cases, intermediate appellate courts and courts of last resort. The
state’s minor trial courts have various names: justice courts, small-claim
courts, traffic courts, police courts, municipal courts. The judges in these
courts are usually quite professional, but some states still have Justices of
the Peace – men and women who have never gone to law school and never
taken the bar exam.
Individuals fall under jurisdiction of two different court systems, their
state courts and federal courts. They can sue or be sued in either system, depending mostly on what their case is about. The vast majority of cases are resolved in the state courts.
The federal courts are organized in three tiers, like a pyramid. At the bot-
tom of the pyramid are the US district courts, where litigation begins. There are
about ninety four district courts in different parts of the United States. The district courts are the lowest ones in the Federal court system. Most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by these courts. The district court is the only Federal court where trials are held, juries are used, and witnesses are called. There
are about two hundred district judges in the USA. In the middle are the US
courts of appeals. At the top is the US Supreme Court. To appeal means to take
a case to a higher court. The courts of appeals and the Supreme Court are appellate courts, with few exceptions, they review cases that have been decided
in lower courts. Most federal courts hear and decide a wide array of cases; the
judges in these courts are known as generalists and they are appointed for life.
The Supreme Court hears cases in which someone claims that a lower
court ruling is unjust or in which someone claims that Constitutional law has
been violated. The decisions of this Court are final and become legally binding.
It has nine justices, who are appointed by the president to serve for life. It considers cases from the highest court of each state, involving a constitutionality
225
question; the U.S. Court of Appeals; and the U.S. and the U.S. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals. Most of the cases heard before the Supreme Court
come by the way of a petition from individuals asking that the Court hear arguments for a case previously tried in a lower court. Only two types of cases
may originate in the U.S. Supreme Court: those in which a state government is
one of the parties and those involving ambassadors and foreign officials.
Словарь:
1. to coexist – сосуществовать
2. court of last resort – суд последней инстанции
3. claim – требование, претензия
4. bar exam – экзамен на право выступать в суде
5. to fall under – попадать под
6. to sue – подать иск
7. litigation – тяжба, судебный процесс
8. tier – ряд, ярус
9. to resolve – решать, разрешать (судебные дела)
10. to appeal – подавать апелляцию
11. exception – исключение
12. to appoint – назначать
13. unjust – несправедливый
14. binding – обязательный, обязывающий.
16.18. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова, обращая вни-
мание на приставки и суффиксы:
a) to advise – adviser – advisory – advice
b) to just – justice – justify
c) to appoint – appointed – appointing – appointment
d) to try – tried – untried – trial
e) to decide – decided – deciding – decision
f) to imprison – imprisonment
g) to differ – differing – difference – different
h) to depend – dependent – independent – dependence – independence.
16.19. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты слов и выражений:
1) суды штатов
2) частные лица
226
3) суд последней инстанции
4) подать иск
5) федеральные суды
6) подавляющее большинство
7) трех ярусная система судов
8) окружные суды
9) высшие суды
10) низшие суды
11) исключение
12) попадать под юрисдикцию
13) на всю жизнь, пожизненно
14) рассматривать дело
15) Верховный суд США.
16.20. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
The Court System of the US
The Judiciary Act of 1789 subdivided the nation jurisdictionally
into judicial districts and created federal courts for each district. This
act established the basic structure of the national judiciary: the Supreme Court, 13 courts of appeals, 94 district courts, and two courts of
special jurisdiction. Article III section I of the Constitution establishes
the Supreme Court of the United States and authorizes the United
States Congress to establish inferior courts. Court structures vary from
state to state, but all states have general trial courts that hear divorce
cases, contract disputes, personal injury cases, and criminal cases.
Some courts hear only specific disputes – for example, juvenile courts,
tax courts, or probate courts.
Municipal, town, village, small-claims, or police courts adjudicate
local matters. The criminal cases handled by these courts are usually
limited to traffic violations. In civil cases these courts usually hear cases involving matters that do not exceed a few thousand dollars in
claims or awards.
227
District Courts
The United States is divided into 12 districts, or circuits, and
within each are federal district courts, which are trial courts. They handle both civil and criminal cases, but they have jurisdiction only in certain disputes: when a federal law is at issue; when the United States is a
party to the lawsuit; when one state is suing another state; when a resident of one state is suing a resident of another state andmore than
$50,000 is involved.
Federal district court judges are appointed by the president for
life, but they can be impeached by the House of Representatives and
convicted by the Senate.
There are also four types of limited jurisdiction federal courts: the
United States Bankruptcy Courts, the United States Tax Court, the
United States Court of Claims (which hears suits against the federal
government), and the United StatesCourt of International Trade (which
hears disputes relating to tariffs and customs).
United States Circuit Courts of Appeal
There are 12 circuit courts of appeal in the federal system, one for
each circuit or district. If a district court issues a ruling against you,
you can file an appeal with the appellate court in your circuit. If the
court of appeals agrees with the decision of the district court, your last
avenue of appeal is to the U.S. Supreme Court. The circuit court of appeals hears cases from the district courts, as well as the special jurisdiction courts.
The Supreme Court
The U.S. Supreme Court, the nation's highest court, has nine jus-
tices, each appointed by the president to serve for life. It considers cases from the highest courts of each state, involving a constitutionality
question; the U.S. Court of Appeals; and the U.S. Court of Customs and
Patent Appeals. Only two types of cases may originate in the U.S. Supreme Court: those in which a state government is one of the parties
and those involving ambassadors and foreign officials.
228
The Military Justice System
1. court
2. to handle
3. ruling
4. district
5. citizen
6. violation
7. to appoint
8. to include
9. member
10. judge
a) circuit
b) verdict
c) to nominate
d) representative
e) trial
f) justice
g) to involve
h) to deal with
i) breach
j) resident
Members of the armed services who commit a violation of mili-
tary laws are under the jurisdiction of the military justice system. For
example, service people who desert or otherwise disobey orders can be
ordered by their commanding officers to face a court-martial. If the violation is also a crime under civilian law, such as murder, service people
will be tried in the state or federal court system as well.
16.21. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты слов и выражений:
окружнойсуд; рассматривать дела; явиться предметом спора;
преследовать судебным порядком; назначать пожизненно; отстр а-
нить от должности; суд по делам о банкротстве; окружной апелля-
ционный суд; слушать дело; судья Верховного суда; посол; воор у-
женные силы; процедура, прописанная в кодексе; не повиноваться
приказу; дезертировать; военные / гражданские законы.
16.22. Найдите синонимы слов:
16.23. Обсудите следующие вопросы:
1. What can you say about the US court division?
2. What cases do federal district courts handle?
3. Who appoints federal district court judges?
4. Which are the four types of limited jurisdiction federal courts?
5. What cases does the U.S. Supreme Court consider?
6. Analyze the military justice system.
229
16.24. Дополните текст данными словами и переведите:
President, unconstitutional, Congress, Supreme Court, Constitu-
tion, Chief Justice, circuits, Court of Appeals
The head of the judicial power is the _______. It consists of
the________andeight Associate Justices appointed for life by the
___________ with the approval by the S enate. One of th e most important duties of Justices is to decide where laws passed by the
_________ agree with th e Constitution . If the Supreme Court decides
that _________ does not give Congress the power to pass a certain law,
the Court declares the law ____________. Such a law cannot be enforced by the President and his executive officers.
The __________ has only appellate jurisdiction. It works in the
District of Columbia and ten _________ into which the country has
been divided.
16.25. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Выразите свое
(не)согласие с утверждением:
Courts in the United States are subdivided into two principal sys-
tems: the federal courts, referred to as United States courts, and the
state courts.
State Courts
Each state has an independent system of courts operating under the
constitution and laws of the state. The character and names of the courts
differ from state to state, but as a whole they have general jurisdiction and
handle criminal and other cases that do not come under federal jurisdiction.
The state court systems include a number of minor courts with limited
jurisdiction. These courts dispose of minor offenses and relatively small civil
actions. Included in this classification are police and municipal courts in cities
and the courts presided over by justices of the peace in rural areas.
Municipal, town, village, small-claims or police courts adjudicate lo-
cal matters. The criminal cases handled by these courts are usually limited
to traffic violations. In civil cases these courts usually hear cases involving
matters that do not exceed a few thousand dollars in claims or awards.
Between the lower courts and the supreme appellate courts, in a
number of states, are intermediate appellate courts. Courts of last resort,
230
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