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Файл:Общая теория перевода. Учебно-методическое пособие
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consultation, legal consultation, initial consultation, to schedule a
consultation, face-to-face consultation, private consultation.
Упражнение 5. Проанализируйте синонимы к словам
agreement, treasure, comment, passive и их синонимические
ряды, сгруппируйте синонимы по типам и переведите их на
русский язык. Используя двуязычные словари, составьте
синонимические ряды к словам
Agreement (noun): accord, accession, accommodation,
accordance, adjustment, affiliation, affinity, alliance, amity,
approving, arrangement, arbitration, compatibility, compliance,
compromise, concession, covenant, mediation, reconciliation,
understanding, assenting, bargaining, complying, concert,
concord, concordance, conformity, congruity, consistency,
correspondence, harmony, similarity, suitableness, sympathy,
union, unison, verification.
Treasure (noun): bounty, cache, cash, gem, gold, jewel,
money, prize, reserve, riches, valuable, wealth, abundance,
capital, catch, darling, find, fortune, funds, hoard, nonpareil,
paragon, pearl, pile, plum, richness, store, apple of one's eye, nest
egg, pride and joy.
Comment (verb): affirm, assert, animadvert, annotate, clarify,
conclude, commentate, construe, criticize, disclose, elucidate,
explain, expound, explicate, express, gloss, illustrate, interject,
interpose, interpret, mention, note, notice, observe, opine, point out,
pronounce, reflect, remark, say, state.
Passive (adjective): acquiescent, asleep, apathetic, bearing,
cool, compliant, docile, enduring, flat, forbearing, idle, inert,
indifferent, long-suffering, latent, laid-back, moony, motionless,
nonresistant, nonviolent, patient, phlegmatic, poker-faced, quiet,
receptive, resigned, sleepy, static, stolid, submissive, tractable,
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unassertive, unflappable, uninvolved, unresisting, quiescent,
walking through it, yielding, going through motions, hands off.
Упражнение 6. Переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на контекст употребления широкозначных слов.
1. A police jailer who retired prematurely because of chronic
depression, won a test case yesterday to prove he had been disabled
by stress suffered in the course of his work.
2. The greatest American heroes were the industrialists and
financiers who had put together the great combines that were turning
America into a world power and incidentally transforming the
quality of life inside its borders. They seemed to have magical
power, these men, as well as self-made wealth, and the entire nation's
dreams of grandeur revolved around them.
3. With wealth comes power. In many ways the world, and
particularly the US, is reverting to the sort of balance of power that
existed before the First World War.
4. Eighty thousand people attended the funeral of Elvis
Presley. The streets were jammed with cars, and his films were
shown on television, and his records were played on the radio all
day. In the year after his death, 100 million Presley long-playing
records (LPs) were sold.
5. But consider who was in power by the 1950s. Eisenhower
in Washington, Harold Macmillan, a high Tory in London and de
Gaulle and Adenauer, both staunch conservatives, in Paris and Bonn.
The electorate wanted right-wing parties implementing left-wing
policies--probably assuming that this would soften socialism's
edges.
6. U.S. teachers have been confiscating “Yo-yos” in record
numbers since spring. In the latest incarnation, the junk drawer
toy has evolved into a giddily intricate machine. Noise not only
irritates and annoys, but can also do irreparable damage to hearing.
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7. An unequal balance of power is also deadly to a marriage.
Gottman found that a husband ho doesn’t share power with his wife
has a much higher risk of damaging the relationship.
8. Banning wildly popular books is futile, since once an
edition appears, underground presses can easily reproduce it. In any
case, books no longer seem as much of a threat: since there are too
many titles most editors don’t sell more than a few thousand copies,
and have far less influence than newspapers or television.
9. Noise not only irritates and annoys, but can also do irritable
damage to hearing. We can control it in Britain by providing
effective power to stop excessive noise.
10. Italian police spent the next 14 months investigating the
case. They travelled as far as Japan interviewing people with no
connection to the murder.
Упражнение 7. Переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на перевод выделенных слов.
1. The crew of the boat consisted of her husband, his two
mates, three engineers, twelve firemen and ten ablebodied seamen.
2. “Take the chair,” I shouted the comrades to comrade Johnson,
“and don‘t give the floor to anybody for more than ten minutes; we
want to hear your paper at full length.” 3. A physician working with
X-rays must be something of a physicist. 4. The work of a
compositor is rather difficult. 5. The speaker of the House of
Commons stops a speaker if he puts things too bluntly. 6. The tramp
took up some kind of shipment at every port. 7. The book was edited
by a famous scholar. 8. The film has been edited by A. Peterson. He
is a very good specialist. 9. Mendeleyev was a great student of
chemistry. 10. A librarian must know both Sciences and Arts.
11. The faculty of the New Orleans University consists of the best
scholars, especially in Arts. 12. I asked the chemist whether they
had these preparations at the dispensary, I also asked him for
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dressing material. 13. The salesman showed me a number of
patterns for various fabrics. 14. The officers of that company consist
of the president, the treasurer, the counsel, the auditor, etc. 15. “Look
here, officer,” said the old woman, “stop the traffic for a moment, so
that I might walk over the square to the pavement on the other side.”
16. Little Oliver Twist was very much afraid of the master in the
working house. 17. “It is so hot in the stokehold,” said Jackson, “we
ought to have better fans.” 18. Michael Jackson has lost many of his
fans after the scandal. 19. There are many creepers in the
conservatory.
Упражнение 8. Переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на перевод слов с широкой семантикой.
1. The colorful decorations gave the office a festive air for
once. 2. The minute I walked into the room I could feel the
excitement in the air. 3. According to the latest news, food parcels
are being distributed by air. 4. The office stationery is white with a
thin blue band round the edge. 5. Several High Street shops were
extensively damaged by a huge band of rioters. 6. The brass band at
the company picnic played my favorite music. 7. Every spring we
have to bank up the river to prevent flooding. 8. Don't bank on your
relatives to help you out of trouble. 9. My grandfather likes to sit on
the bank of the river and fish. 10. The dog's bark and howl signify
very different things. 11. Fertilizers include decorative elements such
as bark or colored mulch. 12. They had crossed the Atlantic in their
bark. 13. The builders have still not sent us their bill. 14. The
education bill is controversial but is expected to be approved by a
majority. 15. What was most noticeable about the bird I saw was it’s
bright orange bill. 16. The company’s new policy will be decided at
the next meeting of the board. 17. Fortunately there were only 28
people on board when the ship ran aground. 18. I am not sure if the
deal Peter has proposed is entirely above board. 19. Paychecks
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which are not claimed after six month will be disposed of. 20. The
employee claimed he had been in bed with a bad cold on the day of
the meeting. 21. Government policies and the ensuing strikes
claimed a number of lives. 22. Under normal conditions, your
cellular phone will recharge in less than thirty minutes. 23. There
were several conditions, in her father’s will, one of which stated that
she would only get the money after she married. 24. The school was
an old, run-down building, where teachers and children had to work
in the most appalling conditions. 25. Scientists from every corner of
the world attended Dr McLean’s seminar. 26. The driver attempted
to turn into Brick Lane, but he was going too fast to negotiate the
corner safely and smashed into a lamp post. 27. The young politician
was inexperienced, but he had several senior party members in his
corner. 28. It is obvious that the novelist draws her inspiration from
her own childhood. 29. Mandy’s excitement mounted steadily as the
weekend draws near. 30. The presenter draws a comparison between
the behavior of animals and the behavior of young children.
Упражнение 9. Выберите подходящее по смыслу
слово среди внутриязыковых «ложных друзей
переводчика». Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Professor Perez will (a. accept / b. except) the chairmanship
of the humanities department. 2. Everything (a. accept / b. except)
our swimwear is packed and ready to go. 3. The teachers had no (a.
excess / b. access) to the students’ files, which were locked in the
principal‘s office. 4. We paid a surcharge on our (a. excess / b.
access) baggage. 5. The demand for funds was in (a. excess / b.
access) of the actual need. 6. While doing the experiment, we asked
the lab assistant‘s (a. advice / b. advise). 7. The children suffered no
ill (a. affects / b. effects) from their long plane ride. 8. To (a. affect /
b. effect) a change in city government we must all vote on Tuesday.
9. The doctors wanted to see how the medication would (a. affect /
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b. effect) the patient. 10. Betty‘s insulting remark greatly
(a. effected/ b. affected) Kurt, who is a very sensitive person.
11. Keith‘s company‘s headquarters were (a. formerly / b. formally)
located in Philadelphia. 12. At the resort we were required to dress
(a. formerly / b. formally) for dinner every night. 13. He (a. formerly
/ b. formally) worked as a professor, but now he is a physicist.
14. She has (a. formerly / b. formally) requested a name change.
15. (a. Especially / b. Special) attention must be given to the
questions at the end of each chapter. 16. George was (a. among /
b. between) those students selected to participate in the debate.
17. They were (a. already / b. all ready) to leave when a telegram
arrived. 18. You should not say things that might make a highly
(a. sensitive / b. sensible) person upset. 19. Mark is (a. sensible /
b. sensitive) enough to swim close to shore. 20. After World War II
many (a. immigrants / b. emigrants) left Europe to go to the United
States. 21. The United States is a country composed of
(a. immigrants / b. emigrants). 22. They asked him a lot of questions
in (a. immigration / b. emigration) control, so it was two hours before
he was allowed to enter the country. 23. A large (a. number /
b. quantity) of whales beached and died last year because of ear
problems. 24. I have five history books here (a. beside / b. besides)
the four that I left at home. 25. There is a small table (a. beside /
b. besides) the bed. 26. In 1969 the astronauts who landed on the
moon collected (a. examples / b. samples) of rocks and soil.
27. Picasso‘s “Guernica” is an excellent (a. example/ b. sample) of
expressionism in art. 28. Maria has been working very (a. hardly /
b. hard) on her thesis. 29. The government will (a. persecute /
b. prosecute) the guilty parties for polluting the waters.
30. Throughout history many people have been (a. persecuted /
b. prosecuted) for their religious beliefs. 31. Shoplifters will be
(a. prosecuted / b. persecuted) to the fullest extent of the law.
32. Dante‘s (a. immoral / b. immortal) literary masterpieces are read
in universities across the country. 33. After the fire drill, the teacher
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(a. preceded / b. proceeded) to explain the experiment to the physics
class. 34. An explanation will (a. precede / b. proceed) each section
of the test. 35. Eric‘s courageous rescue of the drowning child was a
(a. credulous / b. creditable/ c. credible) deed. 36. His explanation of
the rescue at sea seemed (a. credulous / b. creditable / c. credible).
37. The gaudy decorations in the hall (a. detracted / b. distracted)
from the beauty of the celebration. 38. Please don‘t (a. detract /
b. distract) your father while he is writing. 39. Molly‘s nervousness
(a. detracted / b. distracted) from her singing. 40. “Your essay is very
(a. imaginary / b. imaginative) and worthy of an “A” grade, said
Mrs. Jameson to her student. 41. “Star Wars” was created by a highly
(a. imaginary / b. imaginative) writer. 42. John was involved in an
(a. intelligent / b. intelligible/ c. intellectual) conversation with his
old professor. 43. The science teacher‘s explanations were so
(a. intelligent / b. intelligible / c. intellectual) that students had no
problems doing their assignments. 44. Last winter‘s (a. intensive /
b. intense) cold almost depleted the natural gas supply. 45. Before
going to Mexico, Phil took an (a. intensive / b. intense) course in
Spanish. 46. The salesman said that regular (a. use / b. usage) of
fertilizer would ensure a greener, healthier lawn. 47. Norm Crosby‘s
(a. use / b. usage) of English vocabulary in his comedy routine is
hilarious. 48. Please (a. remember / b. remind) me to call Henry at 7
o‘clock tonight. 49. Your choice of friends is most (a. regretful /
b. regrettable). 50. He said he was not (a. regretful / b. regrettable)
about leaving the university. 51. I have been sitting (a. by myself /
b. on my own). 52. I can‘t carry it (a. by myself / b. on my own); it‘s
too heavy. 53. The speaker or writer (a. infers / b. implies)
something, and the listener or reader (a. infers / b. implies) it. 54. His
remarks (a. inferred / b. implied) that he had not enjoyed the trip.
55. I (a. infer / b. imply) from your letter that you do not wish to see
us. 56. His efforts to improve the school have been very (a. effective
/ b. efficient). 57. She is an (a. effective / b. efficient) worker.
58. She is (a. practical / b. practicable) and buys only what she can
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afford. 59. Are these berries / mushrooms (a. edible / b. eatable)?
60. The food at my school is so bad it‘s hardly (a. edible / b. eatable).
61. Although someone had seen him take the watch, he still
(a. denied / b. refused) it. 62. I asked two persons how to get to the
post office, but (a. none / b. neither) of them knew. 63. He will
become (a. illegible / b. eligible) to vote next year. 64. He has lived
and worked in a (a. convent / b. monastery) for the past 10
years. 65. The college has excellent library (a. facilities /
b. amenities). 66. The house is close to local (a. facilities /
b. amenities) (a park and a swimming pool). 67. You will have to
send your tax (a. return / b. declaration) in April. 68. That was his
last will and (a. testimony / b. testament).
ЗАДАНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ
Упражнение 1. Прочтите английское толкование
приводимых ниже слов – внутриязыковых «ложных друзей
переводчика». Переведите иллюстрирующие их примеры.
Adhesion / adherence
Both have a common verb “to adhere” which means to stick.
Adhesion is the physical condition: This paint has excellent
adhesion. Adherence has the figurative sense: They are to be
admired for their adherence to moral principles.
Admission / admittance
Admission means permission of entry. It can be physical: The
admission of immigrants had to be restricted. Admittance is a formal
term for right of entry. A notice that says NO ADMITTANCE on a
door means KEEP OUT. Using the two words together, you could
say that: A drunk was refused admittance to the show even though
he had paid his admission.
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Amiable / amicable
Although your Latin may be rusty these days, you probably
still recognize that these two words must have something to do with
friend. Amiable is always applied to people who are pleasant, easygoing, and likeable. Amicable cannot be applied to people, only to
relationships that are friendly. Using both words in one sentence, you
could comment: The two amiable proprietors had an amicable
business relationship for many years.
Blink / wink
Both have something to do with the movement of the eyelids.
Blink is what you do involuntarily every few seconds with both
eyelids. A wink is the lowering of one eyelid to give a signal. Not
quite logically, wink (not blink) is used in phrases connected with
sleep: I didn’t sleep a wink last night = got no sleep at all. They had
forty winks after lunch = a brief sleep, a nap.
Blush / flush
When you are temporarily red in the face, it can be the result
of either blush or flush. Emotion (embarrassment or shyness) makes
you blush: When he complimented her on her first-class work,
she blushed. Physical exertion causes you to be flushed: She was
flushed after running for the last bus. An in-between situation can
exist when you are red in the face because of a mixture of emotion
and physical causes. You can, for example, be flushed with
excitement.
Childish / childlike
Childish is no compliment. It means immature: His reaction to
their mild letter of complaint was very childish. (He sulked for
months.) Childlike can be a compliment, as its meaning of like a
child refers to positive attributes such as innocence, grace, honesty,
etc.: The movements of the dancers had a childlike grace.
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Contents / content
Contents is what you find in some form of container: the
contents of a bottle, bag, box, book, and so on. Make sure you
use the plural. In other languages you use the singular.
Content is the presence of one element in another, often
expressed as a percentage or proportion: the water content in my
glass of wine, the copper content in an aluminum alloy, etc. The
content (singular) of a book or a speech can also mean the essential
element: It’s a bestseller but devoid of serious content.
Continuous / continual
Continuous means without interruption, all the time, nonstop: There is a continuous performance from four to eleven.
Continual means very frequent: They are notorious for their
continual complaints. Nobody can complain ‘continuously’. People
have to sleep some of the time. Note: Constant is near in meaning to
continuous, but not quite non-stop: her constant companion, constant
headache, constant worries.
Customer / client
A customer buys goods and pays a price. A client buys
professional services and pays a fee. Professional services are
provided by lawyers, architects, accountants, and various
consultants, who do not sell goods but give information or advice in
some form or other. Doctors and dentists are also part of the
professional group. They have patients and charge a fee. The English
word profession means the same as in your language: He is a
carpenter by profession. She is a professional tennis player. The
English expression the professions, however, refers to a group of
activities that require academic training, a university education:
He is not sure yet, but will probably go in for one of the professions.
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