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Файл:Английский язык для информационных технологий. Часть I. Учебное пособие по формированию иноязычной профессиональной компетенции студентов технических
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do, to have done).
Инфинитив – единственная неличная форма глагола, имеющая
продолженную форму (to be doing, to have been doing).
1. Инфинитив в продолженной форме подчеркивает
длительность действия, одновременного с глаголомсказуемым:
There is a nice smell in the kitchen. Ann seems to be cooking
something delicious.
В кухне хорошо пахнет. Кажется, Аня готовит что-то вкусное.
2. Форма перфектно-продолженного инфинитива указывает на
то, что действие, выраженное инфинитивом, началось раньше
деиствия, выраженного глаголом-сказуемым, и продолжается
до сих пор:
She seems to have been cooking since morning.
Кажется, она готовит с самого утра.
3. Инфинитив в перфектнои форме употребляется для
обозначения деиствия, предшествующего действию,
выраженному глаголом-сказуемым:
I am sorry not to have told you about it earlier.
Мне жаль, что я не сказал вам об этом раньше.
4. Инфинитив в перфектной форме после модальных глаголов
must и may выражает предположение о том, что действие
уже совершилось:
He must have forgotten about his promise.
Он, должно быть, забыл о своем обещании.
I don't know where he is. He may have left for Moscow.
Я не знаю, где он. Возможно, он уехал в Москву.
5.
После модальных глаголов should, ought to, could, might, was
/ were совершенныи инфинитив обозначает действие,
которое должно было или могло бы совершиться, но в
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действительности не произошло:
Ben should / ought to have seen a dentist.
Бену следовало бы поити к зубному врачу (но он не пошел).
You could have helped him.
Вы могли бы помочь ему (но не помогли).
The delegation was to have arrived yesterday.
Делегация должна была прибыть еще вчера (но не прибыла).
IV. GRAMMAR IN USE
4.1. Make the plural form of the given sentences:
1. The professor asks to explain this thesis.
2. An alumnus of our University is well known in the world.
3. Is a crisis in computing possible?
4. I have not a stimulus to do this research.
5. The index of this matrix is unknown.
6. You can find an appendix at the end of the book.
7. Is there any medium to enhance this development?
8. Any student can derive this formula.
9. They offered a hypothesis that can’t be disproved.
4.2. Complete the gaps using passive forms of the verbs:
Use the following verbs: to discuss, to wrap, to intend, to replace, to
use (*2), to make, to develop, to move, to adopt, to know.
The problem of operating systems unreliability and insecurity
_______ in the text. Current operating systems ______ unreliable and
insecure due to two characteristics: they are huge and they have very poor
fault isolation. Fortunately, the situation is not hopeless. More reliable
operating systems ______ by researchers.
There are four different approaches to the problem solving. In the
Nooks approach, each driver ______ in a software jacket to carefully control
its interactions with the rest of the operating system, but it leaves all the
drivers in the kernel. In the para-virtual machine approach the drivers ______
to one or more machines distinct from the main one.
Both of these approaches _______ to improve the reliability of
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existing operating systems. In two other approaches legacy operating systems
______ with more reliable and secure ones.
The multi-server approach runs each driver and operating system
component in a separate user process. Finally, in the most radical approach, a
type-safe language, a single address space, and formal contracts ______ to
carefully limit what each module can do. Thus, microkernel’s _____ in three
of the four research projects, but it _____ not _____ which of these
approaches ____ widely ______ .
4.3. Read the following sentence: We lived in New Brunswick all our lives.
A. Rewrite the sentence and underline the complete verb (the main
verb and any auxiliary verbs).
B. Write the tense of the verb.
C. Rewrite the sentence, change the verb to the present perfect tense.
D. Underline the complete verb in your new sentence.
4.4. In the following sentences, indicate the adjectives and the
noun each modifies:
1. I heard a great new song on the radio.
2. Monica’s sneakers are always dirty and dusty.
3. Munford’s old barn, large and unpainted, looked abandoned.
4. Our children don’t like the icy, cold water.
5. Their sporty new car, red and expensive, is too flashy.
4.5. Translate the following words and make up sentences:
Nouns: memory, element, information, command, examination,
character, quantity, number, place, computer architect, likeness.
Verbs: to apply, to form, to move, to hold, to demand, to connect, to
supply, to place, to name, to start, to examine.
Adjectives: continuous, significant, consecutive, usual, enough,
main, initial, general.
4.6. Translate the sentences, pay attention to the form of the verbs
and tenses:
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1. The problems to be studied are of great importance.
2. The problem studied helped us understand many things.
3. To study the problem we must make some experiments.
4. To study the problem means to give answers to many questions.
5. Having studied the problem we could answer many questions.
6. The problem studied is unlikely to be of great interest.
7. Scientists studying the problem made a lot of experiments to get
answers to the required questions.
4.7. Choose the correct modifier. Indicate whether the modifier is
an adjective or an adverb:
A. Ted damaged his car (bad, badly).
B. The entire team did not feel (well, good) after the meal.
C. The managers had a (private, privately) meeting.
D. Ken gets behind at school because he works (slow, slowly).
E. He answered those questions (real, really) (well, good).
4.8. Write five sentences using FIVE DIFFERENT auxiliary verbs.
4.9. Read the following sentence: I feel the raindrops on my face.
A. Rewrite the sentence and underline the complete verb (the main
verb and any auxiliary verbs).
B. Write the tense of the verb.
C. Rewrite the sentence, changing the verb to the past perfect tense.
D. Underline the complete verb in your new sentence.
V. SPEAKING
5.1. Retell the given texts:
S
TEPS IN THE COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT
1. In 1948 due to the invention of transistors there appeared the
possibility to replace vacuum tubes. The transistor occupied an important place
on the way to computer development. The potential advantage of the transistor
over the vacuum tube was almost as great as that of the vacuum tube over the
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relay. A transistor can switch flows of electricity as fast as the vacuum tubes used
in computers, but the transistors use much less power than equivalent vacuum
tubes, and are considerably smaller. Transistors are less expensive and more
reliable. They were mechanically rugged, had practically unlimited life and could
do some jobs better than electronic tubes. Transistors were made of crystalloid
solid material called semiconductor. With the transistor came the possibility of
building computers with much greater complexity and speed.
2. The integrated circuit constituted another major step in the
development of computer technology. Until 1959 the fundamental logical
components of digital computers were the individual electrical switches, first in
the form of relays, then vacuum tubes, then transistors. In the vacuum tubes and
relay stages, additional discrete components, such as resistors, inductors, and
capacitors were required in order to make the whole system work. These
components were generally each about the same size as packaged transistors.
Integrated circuit technology permitted the elimination of some of these
components and integration of most of the others on the same chip of
semiconductor that contains the transistor. Thus the basic logic element — the
switch, or “flip-flop’, which required two separate transistors and some resistors
and capacitors in the early 1950s, could be packaged into a single small unit in
1960. The chip was an important achievement in the accelerating step of
computer technology.
3. In 1974 a company in New Mexico, called Micro Instrumentation
Telemetry System (MITS) developed the Altair 8800, a personal computer (PC)
in a kit. The Altair had no keyboard, but a panel of switches with which to enter
the information. Its capacity was less than one per cent that of the 1991 HewlettPackard handheld computer. Nevertheless, the Altair led to a revolution in
computer electronics that continues today. Hardware manufacturers soon
introduced personal computers, and software manufacturers began developing
software to allow the computers to process words, manipulate data, and draw.
During the 1980s computers became progressively smaller, better and cheaper.
Today the personal computer can serve as a workstation for the individual. A
wide array of computer functions is now accessible to people with no technical
background.
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TEST
1. Choose the right definition for the following words:
1. Operating system
2. Kernel
3. Micro kernel
4. Monolithic kernel
2. Choose the right word for the spaces given in the sentences:
1. Computers and their __________ equipment
are designed by a computer system architect.
2. Digital computers use numbers instead of
analogous psychical __________ .
3. Systems __________ are usually stored in
read – only memory.
4. A computer is a machine with a complex
network of electronic _________ that operates
switches.
a. the software that manages the sharing of
the resources of a computer and provides
programmers with an interface used to access
those resources.
b. the core of an OS that handles memory
allocation, talks to hardware devices, and
makes sure everything keeps running.
c. a kernel architecture where the entire
kernels run in kernel space in supervisor
mode.
d. micro kernel is a minimal computer
operating system kernel which, in its purest
form, provides no operating-system services
at all, only the mechanisms needed to
implement such services
a) engineering
b) accessory
c) specific
a) symbols
b) equipment
c) quantities
a) hardware
b) software
c) firmware
a) circuits
b) cores
c) character
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5. In modern electronic computers the
__________ is the device that acts as a switch.
6. A number of actions that convert data into
useful information is defined as __________ .
7. Computers can store, organize and retrieve
great amounts of information, far beyond the
__________ of humans.
8. The analyst __________ a computer for
solving problems, while the computer system
architect ___________ computers.
9. The use of __________ computers will
continue to increase with the growth in
applications of microprocessors and
minicomputers.
10. The development of third generation
computers became possible due to the invention
of __________ .
a) integrated circuit
b) diode
c) transistor
a) data
b) processing
c) data processing
a) capacities
b) capabilities
c) accuracy
a) requires
b) design
c) uses
a) analog
b) digital
c) hybrid
a) integrated circuits
b) electronic tubes
c) transistors
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UNIT 2. THE INFORMATION MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
TODAY
I. READING
1.1. Read and translate the text “From Databases to Data Spaces”[27]
F
ROM DATABASES TO DATA SPACES: A NEW ABSTRACTION FOR
I
NFORMATION MANAGEMENT
In this article we introduce data spaces as a new abstraction for data
management and we propose the design and development of Data Space Support
Platforms (DSSP’s) as a key agenda item for the data management field. In a
nutshell, a DSSP offers a suite of interrelated services and guarantees that
enables developers to focus on the specific challenges of their applications, rather
than on the recurring challenges involved in dealing consistently and efficiently
with large amounts of interrelated but disparately managed data. We begin our
discussion of data spaces and DSSP’s by placing them in the context of existing
systems. The distinguishing properties of data space systems are the following:
• A DSSP must deal with data and applications in a wide variety
of formats accessible through many systems with different
interfaces. A DSSP is required supporting all the data in the data
space rather than leaving some out, as with a Database
Management System (DBMS).
• Although a DSSP offers an integrated means of searching,
querying, updating, and administering the data space, often the
same data may also be accessible and modifiable through an
interface native to the system hosting the data. Thus, unlike a
DBMS, a DSSP is not in full control of its data.
• Queries to a DSSP may offer varying levels of service, and in
some cases may return best-effort or approximate answers. For
example, when individual data sources are unavailable, a DSSP
may be capable of producing the best results it can, using the data
accessible to it at the time of the query.
• A DSSP must offer the tools to create tighter integration of data
in the space as necessary.
Logical Components of Data spaces
A data space should contain all of the information relevant to a
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particular organization regardless of its format and location, and model a rich
collection of relationships between data repositories. Hence, we model a data
space as a set of participants and relationships.
The participants in a data space are the individual data sources: they
can be relational databases, XML repositories, text databases, web services
and software packages. They can be stored or streamed (managed locally by
data stream systems), or even sensor deployments.
Some participants may support expressive query languages, while
others are opaque and offer only limited interfaces for posing queries (e.g.,
structured files, web services, or other software packages). Participants vary
from being very structured (e.g., relational databases) to semi-structured
(XML, code collections) to completely unstructured. Some sources will
support traditional updates, while others may be append-only (for archiving
purposes), and still others may be immutable.
A data space should be able to model any kind of relationship
between two (or more) participants. Data spaces can be nested within each
other (e.g., the data space of the Computer Science department is nested
within the data space of the university), and they may overlap (e.g., the data
space of the Computer Science department may share some participants with
the Electrical Engineering department). Hence, a data space must include
access rules between disparate data spaces. In general, there will be cases
where the boundaries of a data space may be fluid, but we expect that in most
of the cases the boundaries will be natural to define.
Data space Systems
We now outline one possible set of components and architecture for
a data space system. A DSSP offers several interrelated services on the data
space, some of which are generalizations of components provided by a
traditional DBMS. It is important to keep in mind that unlike a DBMS, a
DSSP does not assume complete control over the data in the data space.
Instead, a DSSP allows the data to be managed by the participant systems,
but provides a new set of services over the aggregate of these systems, while
remaining sensitive to the autonomy needs of the systems. Furthermore, we
may have several DSSP’s serving the same data space – in a sense; a DSSP
can be a personal view on a particular data space.
Catalog and Browse
The catalog contains information about all the participants in the data
space and the relationships among them. The catalog must be able to
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accommodate a large variety of sources and support differing levels of
information about their structure and capabilities. Wherever possible, the
catalog should contain a basic inventory of the data elements at each
participant: identifier, type, creation date, and so forth.
Search and Query
The component should offer the following capabilities: query
everything, structured query, meta-data queries, monitoring.
Local store and index
A DSSP will have a storage and indexing component for the following
goals: (1) to create efficiently queryable associations between data objects in
different participants, (2) to improve accesses to data sources that have limited
access patterns, (3) to enable answering certain queries without accessing the
actual data source, and (4) to support high availability and recovery.
The Discovery Component
The goal of this component is to locate participants in a data space,
create relationships between them, and help administrators to refine and
tighten these relationships.
The Source Extension Component
Certain participants may lack significant data management
functions. A DSSP should be able to imbue such a participant with additional
capabilities, such as a schema, a catalog, keyword search, and update
monitoring.
Study the meaning of the following words and word combinations:
• data space
• to propose
• in a nutshell
• a challenge
• a property
• accessible
• a query
• relevant
• a participant
• a repository
• a deployment
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