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Файл:Английский язык для информационных технологий. Часть I. Учебное пособие по формированию иноязычной профессиональной компетенции студентов технических
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Отрицательная форма
{I, we, you, they}
{I, we} shall not have
have not written
{I, he, she, it, we, you,
they} had not written
written
{He, she, it, you, they}
will not have written
Времена группы Perfect употребляются для выражения действия
законченного, завершенного к какому-то моменту времени в настоящем,
прошедшем и будущем.
The Present Perfect употребляется для выражения действия,
законченного к настоящему моменту и связанного с настоящим своим
результатом:
I have read the book.
Я прочитал эту книгу.
Действие закончилось к настоящему моменту, и результат
действия налицо (книга прочитана).
The Present Perfect употребляется с наречиями неопределенного
- времени: today сегодня, this year в этом году, this week на этой
неделе, already уже, always всегда, never никогда, so far до сих пор,
ever когда-либо, just только что, often часто, not yet еще нет.
I have met him today.
Я встретил его сегодня.
The Past Perfect употребляется для выражения прошедшего
действия, которое совершилось до определенного момента в
прошлом. Этот момент может обозначаться:
1. обстоятельством времени с предлогом by к (by the
beginning of, by the end of the month, by 10 o'clock, etc.):
By the beginning of the lecture the lab assistant had brought all the
diagrams.
К началу лекции лаборант принес все схемы.
2.
другим (более поздним по времени) прошедшим
дейcтвием в Past Simple:
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They had translated the article when he came.
Они уже перевели статью, когда он пришел.
The Future Perfect употребляется для выражения действия,
которое будет закончено к какому-то моменту в будущем:
I shall have done all my work by seven o'clock.
К семи часам я уже сделаю свою работу.
На русский язык времена группы Perfect переводятся;
глаголом совершенного вида. The Present и Past Perfect глаголом, как
правило, прошедшего времени, a Future Perfect — глаголом будущего
времени.
IV. GRAMMAR IN USE
4.1. Make up the word combinations form the words given below:
Verbs: to name, to complete, to calculate, to develop, to keep, to
interpret, to communicate, to fulfill, to apply, to translate, to improve, to
build, to call, to store, to communicate, to figure out, to perform, to use, to
finish, to construct, to connect.
Nouns: speed, aim, storage, information, machine, significance,
computation, data, device, rate, calculation, purpose, memory, and
importance.
4.2. Fill in the spaces with the appropriate words:
1. The first digital computer could __________ a lot of
mathematical problems at a fast __________ .
2. Vannevar Bush built the first __________ ; computer in 1930.
3. Babbage's analytical engine was designed to __________ data.
4. John von Neumann invented a machine that was able to
__________ not only data but also __________ .
5. Neuman’s idea of storing data in a __________
6. Computers use two conditions for ______ symbols.
7. The invention of __________ made computers possible to
control and __________ electronic signals.
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4.3. Translate the following word combinations:
A) Computers using vacuum tubes; the machine calculating
mathematical problems; the computer keeping instructions in its memory;
binary code storing data and instructions; the vacuum tube controlling and
amplifying electronic signals; computers performing computations in
milliseconds; electronic pulses moving at the speed of light; students
coding the information by using a binary code; devices printing the
information; keyboard terminals replacing vacuum tubes.
B) The given information; the name given to the machine; the
coded data; the device used in World War II; the invention named ENIAC; the
machine called EDVAC; instructions kept in the memory; the engine
designed for storing data; data stored in a binary code; vacuum tubes
invented by J. Neumann; the general-purpose machine proposed by Ch.
Babbage; the machine provided with the necessary facts.
4.4. Read this paragraph:
Michael’s first job was with Bearskin Airlines as a bush pilot. He
regularly flew supplies and construction equipment from Edmonton to
Yellowknife. Sometimes he carried groceries like milk, fruit, and meat. Once
he even transported a hockey team to a small settlement on the Arctic Ocean.
He loved the beauty of the landscapes he saw and the honesty of the people
he met. He was pleased with his success and happy in his work.
In the paragraph above, find one example of each of the following:
a. Common noun
b. Proper noun
c. Concrete noun
d. Abstract noun
e. Collective noun
f. Noun used as an adjective
g. Count noun
h. Non-count noun
i. Possessive noun
j. Singular noun
k. Plural noun
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4.5. Identifying Verb Tenses: name the verb tenses in the following sentences.
1. Today, Carl kicks the ball across the field.
2. Today, Carl is kicking the ball across the field.
3. Tomorrow, Carl will kick the ball across the field.
4. Carl has been kicking the ball that way for years.
5. Today, Carl has kicked the ball across the field six times.
6. Tomorrow, Carl will have kicked the ball across the field.
7. Yesterday, Carl had kicked the ball across the field.
8. You will be leaving Bathurst tomorrow, won’t you?
9. My aunt was giving lectures in Asiatic culture this summer.
10. He had been learning Chinese at school.
4.6. Identifying Verb Tenses:
1. Which one of the following sentences is written in the future perfect tense?
A. When they arrive, we will serve dinner.
B. At 8:00 pm we will have served dinner.
C. By the time they arrived, we had already served dinner.
D. We're afraid we have served dinner too early.
2. Which one of the following sentences is written in the present
progressive tense?
A. I am completing my income tax return early this year.
B. I will have completed my income tax return before the deadline.
C. I had completed my income tax return before April 30.
D. I have completed my income tax return.
3. Which one of the following sentences is written in the past perfect tense?
A. I recently received a letter from my friend in Ottawa.
B. I think I will soon receive a letter from my friend in Ottawa.
C. Do you think I will have received a letter from my friend by next week?
D. I had received a letter from my friend in Ottawa.
4. Which one of the following sentences is written in the simple past tense?
A. They have lived here for two months.
B. They will have been living here for two months by the end of the week.
C. They lived in Halifax before moving here.
D. They have lived in Halifax and Charlottetown.
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5. Which one of the following sentences is written in the simple
future tense?
A. He is finished painting my house.
B. He will finish painting my house soon.
C. He will be finished painting my house by tonight.
D. He has finished painting my house.
6. Which one of the following sentences is written in the present
perfect tense?
A. She has designed a logo for the company.
B. She will design a logo for the company.
C. She is designing a logo for the company.
D. She designed a logo for the company.
7. Write a sentence in the future perfect tense using the verb to wash.
8. Write a sentence in the present perfect tense using the verb to talk.
9. Write a sentence in the past progressive tense using the verb to sign.
10. Write a sentence in the future progressive tense using the verb to need.
11. Use the past perfect progressive tense in a sentence.
12. Use the present perfect progressive tense in a sentence.
4.7. Irregular Verbs:
1. Write a sentence in each of the 12 tenses using the verb to cut.
Indicate the tense used after each sentence.
2. Write a sentence in each of the 12 tenses using the verb to do.
Indicate the tense used after each sentence. Be sure to have your
instructor correct your work.
3. Write a sentence in the future perfect tense using the verb to know.
4.8. Action Verbs:
1. Write ten sentences that use verbs that express a physical action
that can be observed.
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2. Think of some other verbs that express a mental action. Use
each one in a sentence. Ask your instructor to review your work.
Remember even if the verb is expressing a mental action, it is
classed as an action verb.
4.9. Linking Verbs: write at least 10 sentences that use linking
verbs. Check with your instructor to make sure you have used only linking
verbs in your sentences.
4.10. Action Verbs and Linking Verbs: copy these sentences into your
notebook. Then underline the verbs. For each verb that you identify, indicate
whether it is an action or a linking verb:
1. The dog jumped over the fence.
2. The baseball hit the boy in the face.
3. His car smashed into a bridge.
4. We watched a movie last night.
5. The students were happy about their marks.
6. My sister’s name is Paula.
7. Mr. Smyth was my uncle.
8. They will be angry about your forgetfulness.
9. We were afraid of the storm.
10. We feared the storm.
11. The little mouse squeaked loudly.
12. There were fourteen people in that class last year.
13. My old roommate from college drove to Fredericton last night.
14. The policeman believed their every word about the robbery.
15. The puppy carefully tasted his new food.
V. SPEAKING
5.1. Give a short summary of the text “Four Generations of Computer”
F
OUR GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
The first vacuum tubes computers are referred to as first generation
computers, and the approximate period of their use was from 1950 to 1959.
UNIVAC 1 (UNF Israel Automatic Computer) is an example of these
computers, which could perform thousands of calculations per second. Those
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devices were not only bulky, they were also unreliable. The thousands of
vacuum tubes emitted large amounts of heat and burned out frequently. The
transistor, a smaller and more reliable successor to the vacuum tube, was
invented in 1948.
So-called second generation computers, which used large numbers
of transistors were able to reduce computational time from milliseconds to
microseconds, or millionths of seconds. Second-generation computers were
smaller, faster, and more reliable than first-generation computers. Advances
in electronics technology continued, and microelectronics made it possible to
reduce the size of transistors and integrate large numbers of circuit elements
into very small chips of silicon.
The computers that were designed to use integrated circuit
technology were called third generation computers, and the approximate
time span of these machines was from 1960 to 1979. They could perform
many data processing operations in nanoseconds, which are billionths of
seconds.
Fourth generation computers have now arrived, and the integrated
circuits that are being developed have been greatly reduced in size. This is
due to microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller
than before; as many as 100 tiny circuits are placed now on a single chip. A
chip is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to 1/4 inch,
upon which several layers of an integrated circuit are etched or imprinted,
after which the circuit is encapsulated in plastic or metal.
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TEST
1. Choose the appropriate words from the words given below:
1. British scientists invented a ______
way of multiplying and dividing.
2. A new branch of mathematics _______
was invented in England and Germany
independently.
3. A young American clerk invented the
means of coding ______ by punched
cards.
4. Soon punched cards were replaced by
______ terminals.
5. Mark I was the first ______ computer
that could solve mathematical
problems.
6. J. von Neumann simplified his
computer by storing information in a
_____ code.
7. Vacuum tubes could control and
______ electric signals.
8. The first generation computers were
______ and often burned out.
9. Computers of the second generation
used _____, which reduced
computational time greatly.
10. Due to _____ the development of the
fourth generation computers became
possible.
a) mechanical
b) electrical
c) optical
a) mechanics
b) mathematics
c) calculus
a) letters
b) data
c) numbers
a) printer
b) scanner
c) keyboard
a) analog
b) digital
c) mechanical
a) analytical
b) numerical
c) binary
a) calculate
b) amplify
c) generate
a) uncomfortable
b) unreliable
c) uncommunicative
a) transistors
b) vacuum tubes
c) integrated circuits
a) microelectronics
b) miniaturizations
c) microminiaturization
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2. Translate the given sentences:
1. That was the machine provided with the necessary facts about the
problem to be solved.
2. The computers designed to use 1C were called third generation
computers.
3. Mark I was the first machine to figure out mathematical problems.
4. Early computers using vacuum tubes perform computations in
milliseconds.
5. Vacuum tubes to control and amplify electric signals were invented
by Neumann.
6. Neumann’s machine called the EDVAC was designed to store both
data and instructions.
7. Computers were developed to perform calculations for military and
scientific purpose.
8. An American clerk invented means of coding the data by punching
holes into cards.
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UNIT 2. INFORMATION – DEPENDENT SOCIETY
I. READING
1.1. Read and translate the text “Introduction to Computers”[23]
I
NTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
50 years ago, people hadn’t even heard of computers, and today we
cannot imagine life without them. Computer technology is the fastestgrowing industry in the world. The first computer was the size of a minibus
and weighed a ton. Today, a chip can do its job the size of a pinhead. And the
revolution is still going on. Very soon we’ll have computers that we’ll wear
on wrists or even in our glasses and earnings. Such wearable computers are
being developed now. Japan’s biggest mobiles-phone company has just
released its cleverest product - a mobile phone that allows you to stuff the
Internet as well as make calls. People are already using the phone to check
the news headlines, follow the stock market, and download the latest jokes.
Soon they will be able to buy cinema tickets and manage their bank accounts.
The next generation of computers will be able to talk and even think
for themselves. They will contain electronic “neural networks.” Of course,
they’ll be still a lot simpler that human brains, but it will be a great step
forward. Such computers will help it diagnose illnesses, find materials,
understand and control the world’s money markets, identify criminals and
control space travel. Computer revolution is changing our life and our
language, too. We are constantly making up new words or giving new
meanings to old ones. Most of computer terms are born in Silicon Valley, the
world’s top computer-science center.
The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a
combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part
mechanical) components. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is referred
to as hardware. A computer system is a combination of five elements:
• Hardware
• Software
• People
• Procedures
• Data/information
•
When one computer system is set up to communicate with another
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