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Файл:Английский язык для информационных технологий. Часть I. Учебное пособие по формированию иноязычной профессиональной компетенции студентов технических
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Can
Этот модальный глагол имеет две формы:
• can - для настоящего времени,
• could - для прошедшего времени.
Употребляется он:
1. Для выражения возможности или способности совершения
действия. В этом значении переводится как "мочь", "уметь".
She can speak English well but she can't write it at all.
Она может (умеет) хорошо говорить по-английски, но совсем не
умеет писать.
2. Для выражения разрешения совершить действие в
вопросительных и утвердительных предложениях (обычно в ситуациях
неформального общения).
Can we go home? Можно нам идти?
Yes, you can go. Да, вы можете идти.
3. Для выражения запрета совершить действие, выраженного
инфинитивом (только в отрицательных предложениях).
You can't speak at the lessons.
На уроке разговаривать нельзя.
4. Для выражения просьбы (в вопросительных предложениях).
Can (could) you give me your dictionary?
Вы не дадите свой словарь?
Форма could употребляется для более вежливого обращения.
To be able to
Сочетание to be able + инфинитив с частицей to является
синонимом модального глагола can (см. пункт 1) для выражения
возможности или способности совершения действия.
He is able to help you. Он может помочь вам.
He was able to help you. Он смог помочь вам.
He will be able to help you. Он сможет помочь вам.
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May / might
Этот модальный глагол имеет две формы:
• may - для настоящего времени,
• might - для прошедшего.
Глагол may употребляется:
1. Для выражения разрешения в утвердительных и
вопросительных предложениях.
You may go. Ты можешь идти.
May I help you? Разрешите вам помочь.
2. Для выражения запрещения в отрицательных предложениях.
You may not come here.
Не смей сюда приходить.
3. Для выражения предположения, неуверенности в
утвердительных и отрицательных предложениях.
It may rain today.
Возможно, сегодня будет дождь.
Глагол might употребляется:
1. В придаточных дополнительных предложениях в
соответствии с правилом согласования времен.
She said that he might take her book.
Она сказала, что может взять её книгу.
2. Для обозначения вероятности совершения деиствия.
He might come.
Он, может быть, придёт.
To be allowed to / to be permitted to
Словосочетания to be allowed и to be permitted + инфинитив с
частицей to являются синонимами модального глагола may (см. пункт 1).
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I am allowed to use this device.
Мне разрешено (я могу) использовать этот прибор.
He will be allowed to use this device. Ему разрешат
использовать это устройство.
Must
Глагол must употребляется:
1. Для выражения долженствования, необходимости
произвести действие в настоящем или будущем.
I must go.
Мне надо идти.
2. Для выражения запрещения в отрицательном предложении.
You mustn't do it.
Нельзя этого делать.
3. Для выражения вероятности какого-либо действия,
предположения.
He must have read this book.
Он, вероятно, читал эту книгу.
4. Для обозначения настоятельного совета, рекомендации.
You must come and see my new flat.
Ты должен придти посмотреть нашу новую квартиру.
To have (to)
Глагол to have (to) употребляется в сочетании с инфинитивом с
частицей to для выражения необходимости совершить действие в силу
определённых обстоятельств. Соответствует русскому "придется,
пришлось".
It was very dark and we had to stay at home.
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Было очень темно, и нам пришлось остаться дома.
I don't have to stay here.
Мне не нужно здесь оставаться.
To be + Infinitive
Сочетание глагола to be с инфинитивом употребляется для
выражения необходимости совершения действия в соответствии с
предыдущей договоренностью или заранее намеченным планом.
Переводится как "должен, должен был" и т.п.
I was to meet her at 3 o'clock.
Я должен был встретить ее в 3 часа.
They are to begin this work at once.
Они должны начать работу немедленно.
Shall, Should,Ought (to)
Глагол shall выражает обещание, намерение, угрозу,
предостережение.
He shall get his money.
Он получит свои деньги.
The child shall be punished for it.
Ребенок будет наказан за это.
Глагол shall также выражает запрос относительно дальнейших действий.
Shall we begin?
Нам начинать?
Глагол should в основном употребляется для выражения совета,
рекомендации.
You should see a doctor.
Вам следует показаться врачу.
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IV. GRAMMAR IN USE
4.1. Recollect the formation and the use of the Past Simple Tense:
А. Write down the 3 forms of the following verbs: tо be; to have; to
mean; to learn; to become; to bring; to know; to think; to buy; to pay; to take;
to do; to begin; to give; to make; to keep; to get; to read; to show.
B. Transform the following sentences using the Past Simple Tense:
There is no doubt that computers solve problems very quickly. Instructions direct
the operation of a computer. Computers bring with them both economic and social
changes. Computing embraces not only mathematics, but also computer literacy. It
is well known that computers prepare laboratory tests. Those persons are computer
literate and think of buying a new computer. They receive a subscription magazine
once a month. My mother is ill and visits her doctor every other day. Experts know
much about how to prepare programs.
4.2. Identify the part of speech of each word:
1. Cheryl’s ideas are better than mine are.
2. An extremely loud clap of thunder rattled the windows.
3. Are you really happy that they are coming here?
4. Oh no, Matt will not have the money before the tour leaves
Woodstock.
5. Each of these would have been correct, but the answers that you
changed are now wrong.
4.3. Identifying Verb Tenses:
In which one of the following sentences is the verb “to loan”
written in the past perfect tense?
A. John loaned the maps to Erin's husband.
B. John has loaned the maps to Erin's husband.
C. John had loaned the maps to Erin's husband.
D. John will loan the maps to Erin' husband.
Which one of the following sentences is the verb to watch written
in the simple future tense?
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A. We watched the ships come in that night.
B. We will watch the ships arrive tonight.
C. We will have watched the ships arrive before dark.
D. We are watching the ships arrive tonight.
4.4. Name the tense of each verb:
1. Beth handled the dog very well today.
2. The dentist was examining my teeth thoroughly.
3. A month from now, I will call you.
4. The Sullivans have a new boat.
5. Niamey has been playing that role for over twenty years.
4.5. Verbs Review: underline every verb and verb phrase in the
sentences below. For each one you identified, write everything you can about it.
Example: He has never drunk stout before. (Verb Phrase: has drunk
Person, Number: 3rd person singular Tense: present perfect)
1. The tour guides will show you the way to the restaurant.
2. Have you eaten here before?
3. The committee had asked Marcie to the recital.
4. Mel has been asking for trouble for months.
5. Lunch will be served at twelve o’clock sharp.
6. The surgeon spoke quietly to the patient.
7. I shall be seeing you again next week.
8. The child was severely bitten, so the dog was destroyed.
9. New friends are silver, but old ones are gold.
10. I am doing my homework now.
11. The music will have been playing for several hours.
4.6. Correct the grammar errors in these sentences:
1. I bought some of them apples from he and Jim.
2. He had went there several times before.
3. The driver could of finished this if I had had the time.
4. The lawyer will do all the work hisself.
5. The tourists changed a large amount of dollars at the airport.
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6. Could him and me rent a movie?
7. He sure done good on his last test.
8. Each of the students should buy their own textbook for this
course.
4.7. Action Verbs and Linking Verbs: in your notebook, identify the
verbs in the following sentences and record whether they are action or
linking verbs:
1. The pie smells good.
2. He looks taller than Mario.
3. The children became excited before the snowstorm.
4. Because of the dust, we coughed all day.
5. You know my aunt, the bookkeeper at Colpitt’s.
6. Close the door to the garage, please.
7. He felt the smoothness of the fur pelt with his hand.
8. I felt sick after the party.
9. Wolves always howl at the moon.
10. She fell down the stairs and broke her leg.
11. Madonna sings and dances well.
12. Suddenly, he slammed the door and drove down the lane.
13. This stew tastes good on a cold winter’s night.
4.8. Action Verbs and Linking Verbs: in your notebook, identify the
verbs in the following sentences and record whether they are action or linking
verbs.
The verbs smell, taste, feel, grow, sound, and look can be used as
both action and linking verbs.
Write two sentences for each verb: one with an action verb, the other
with a linking verb.
4.9. Auxiliary Verbs and Main Verbs:
In your notebook, indicate the main verb in each of the following
sentences, and the auxiliary or helping verb(s), if any. You may want to
create a chart like the one on the next page.
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SENTENCE MAIN
VERB
1. Heather will rarely drive the car in winter.
2. He must have taken my jacket by
mistake.
3. We played ball against their team
Saturday.
4. That would have confused anyone!
5. Would you please flip the hamburgers?
6. There was a good show on TV last night.
7. Mitchell has lived here all his life.
8. I will not be going, not after the last trip.
9. The men should have eaten that supper
by now.
10. The washing machine has broken down.
11. Have you ever heard such nonsense?
12. He might have consulted a doctor.
13. Sue may never have been given that
letter.
14. I shall never agree to his proposal.
15. A child can easily learn this song.
4.10. Identifying Verb Tenses: indicate the tense of the underlined
verbs in the following sentences. Write your answers in your notebook.
SENTENCE
Barry threw the ball to first base.
The butcher had already delivered our order.
The train will be making three stops before Montreal
By the time you get to school, the bell will already have rung.
The disaster relief team has sprung into action.
My son did his homework last night.
I am feeling better already.
HELPING
VERB(S)
(IF ANY)
TENSE?
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V. SPEAKING
5.1. Retell the text “Computer Literacy”[2]
C
OMPUTER LITERACY
Informed citizens of our information-dependent society should be
computer-literate, which means that they should be able to use computers as
everyday problem-solving devices. They should be aware of the potential of
computers to influence the quality of life.
There was a time when only privileged people had an opportunity to
learn the basics, called the three R's: reading, writing, and mathematics. Now,
as we are quickly becoming an information-becoming society, it is time to
restate this right as the right to learn reading, writing, and computing. There
is little doubt that computers and their many applications are among the most
significant technical achievements of the century. They bring with them both
economic and social changes. "Computing" is a concept that embraces the
old third R, mathematics, but also a new idea — computer literacy.
In an information society a person who is computer-literate need not
be an expert on the design of computers. He needn't even know much about
how to prepare programs, which are the instructions that direct the operations
of computers. All of us are already on the way to becoming computerliterate. Just think of your everyday life. If you receive a subscription
magazine in the post-office, a computer probably addresses it to you. If you
buy something with a bank credit card or pay a bill by check, computers help
you process the information. When you check out at the counter of your
store, a computer assists the checkout clerk and the store manager. When you
visit your doctor, computer prepares your schedules, bills, and special
services, such as laboratory tests. Many actions that you have taken or
observed have much in common. Each relates to some aspect of a data
processing system.
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TEST
1. Choose the best variant among the variants given below:
1) Information is given into the computer in
the form of ______ .
2) The basic function of a computer is
_____ information.
3) The data needed for solving problems
are kept in the _____ .
4) Inputting information into the computer
is realized by means of ______ .
5) A computer can carry out arithmeticlogical operations _____ .
6) Computers have become _____ in
homes, offices, research institutes.
7) Space ________ uses computers
widely.
8) Computers are used for image _______ . a) processing
9) Computers help in ______ of economy. a) environment
2. Match the following words with the given definitions:
1. Computer
2. Data
3. Input device
a) a machine by which information is
received from the computer.
b) a device capable of storing and
manipulating numbers, letters and
characters.
a) ideas
b) characters
c) rules
a) to switch
b) to keep
c) to process
a) memory
b) input device
c) output device
a) a printer
b) letters
c) diskettes
a) quickly
b) instantaneously
c) during some minutes
a) common wealth
b) commonplace
c) common room
a) information
b) production
c) exploration
b) operating
c) producing
b) management
c) government
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