Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык для информационных технологий. Часть I. Учебное пособие по формированию иноязычной профессиональной компетенции студентов технических
.pdf
Предложное дополнение выражается сочетанием предлога с
существительным или местоимением:
The teacher read a story to the children.
Учитель прочитал рассказ детям.
We spoke about him (to him).
Мы говорим о нем (с ним).
Местоимение it в функции дополнения употребляется в
сочетании с прилагательными после глаголов make, find, think, consider
и др. В этом случае местоимение it на русский язык не переводится.
Make it possible
делать возможным, давать возможность
make it difficult (easy)
затруднять (облегчать)
No one thought (found, considered) it necessary to discuss the problem now.
Никто не считал нужным обсуждать проблему сейчас.
Определение (The Attribute)
Определение обычно относится к существительному. Оно
может быть расположено перед Определяемым существительным или
после него. Определение отвечает на вопросы what? what kind?
какой, whose? чей, which? какой, который? и т. д.
Определение может быть выражено:
1. прилагательным
a difficult work (трудная работа)
Многосложные прилагательные типа available, necessary,
possible, reliable
существительного:
books available in this library (книги, имеющиеся в этой
библиотеке)
и т. д. могут стоять и после определяемого
61
2. местоимением
his book (его книга)
some students (некоторые студенты)
at that time (в то время)
3. числительным (количественным и порядковым)
several thousand students (несколько тысяч студентов)
the first locomotive in Russia (первый паровоз в России)
4. существительным в притяжательном падеже
the professor's lecture (лекция профессора)
the students' note (записи студентов)
5. существительным в общем падеже
a football match (футбольный матч)
Особенностью английского языка является частое
употребление существительного перед другим существительным в
качестве определения к нему. Функция такого существительного в
предложении зависит только от его места перед существительным:
a test instrument (испытательный прибор)
instrument test (испытание прибора)
Существительное в общем падеже в функции определения
переводится на русский язык прилагательным, существительным в
родительном падеже или причастным оборотом.
62
of the institute
института
the inventors of
translated in 1980
переведенная
1980
reading
6. существительным с предлогом
the building
the train from Moscow
the text book for beginners
the method in use
7. существительным-приложением, поясняющим стоящее перед
ним существительное
The Cherepanovs,
the first Russian locomotive, were
workers.
We must translate this article by the
end of the week, which is not an
easy task.
8. причастием (Participle I или Participle II), которое може
стоять как перед определяемым существительным, так и
после него
the book
a fast running taxi
students going to the University
illustrated journal
9. герундием
a way of
the possibility of using
здание
поезд из Москвы
учебник для начинающих
используемый метод
Черепановы, изобретатели
первого русского паровоза, были
рабочими.
Мы должны перевести эту статью
к концу недели, что является
нелегкой задачей.
книга,
быстромчащееся такси
студенты, которые идут (идущие)
в Университет
иллюстрированный журнал
манера чтения
возможность использования
в
г.
63
10. инфинитивом
you
in which I live
I live in
Should he come,
Есл
и он придет
Should need arise,
Если возникнет необходимость
an article to translate
статья для перевода
11. определительным придаточным предложением, которое
присоединяется к главному предложению при помощи
союзных слов who который; whom которого; whose чей,
которого; when когда; where куда, где; why почему или
бессоюзным способом
I have read the article, which
recommended.
I have read the article you
recommended.
The town
from Moscow.
The town, which I live in, is not far
from Moscow.
Бессоюзные условные предложения (Conditional Sentences)
Союз if может быть опущен в условных предложениях всех трех типов.
1. В условных предложениях первого типа союз if может быть
опущен, когда сказуемое придаточного предложения выражено
сочетанием should с инфинитивом. В этом случае should ставится
перед подлежащим:
ask him to wait. =
If he should come, ask him to wait.
to you again. = If need should
arise, we shall come to you again.
2.
В условных предложениях второго типа союз if может быть
опущен, когда в придаточном предложении имеются глаголы had,
is not far
we shall come
Я прочел статью, которую вы
рекомендовали.
The town
Moscow.
Город, в котором я живу,
(находится) не, далеко от
Москвы.
подождать.
мы снова придем к вам.
is not far from
, попросите его
,
64
were, should. В таких случаях эти глаголы ставятся перед
Should I see him tomorrow
Если бы я уви
дел его завтра
Were I to meet him tomorrow
Если бы я его встретил завтра
Had I seen him yesterday
Если бы я видел его вчера
Had he k
nown it
Если бы он это знал
подлежащим:
, I
should ask him about it. = If I
should see him tomorrow, I should
ask him about it.
should ask him about it. = If I were
to meet him tomorrow, I should
ask him about it.
3. В условных предложениях третьего типа при пропуске союза
if глагол had ставится перед подлежащим:
, I
should have asked him about it. = If
I had seen him yesterday, I should
have asked him about it.
, he would not
have gone there. = If he had
known it, he would not have gone
there.
IV. GRAMMAR IN USE
4.1. Verbs Review:
A. Look at the words below. Decide which words are nouns and
which words are verbs:
run dog house sail
still horse fly farm
calm storm motor book
B. Now look up each word in the dictionary. Is there more than one
entry word with the same spelling? Which of these words can be used as both
a noun and a verb? How many of these words can be other parts of speech
besides nouns or verbs.
спросил бы его об этом.
, I
я спросил бы его об этом.
спросил бы его об этом.
, он не пошел
бы туда.
, я
, я
,
65
This was a “trick” exercise to remind you that you cannot tell what
part of speech a word is unless it is actually written in a sentence. All by
themselves, words cannot have a part of speech. Once they have been placed
in a sentence, they start to function by carrying the writer’s meaning to the
reader. It is at this point that a word develops into a part of speech.
C. Write two (or more) sentences for each word above that
demonstrate its uses as various parts of speech.
4.2. Review of Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs: list the nouns,
pronouns, and verbs in each sentence.
1. The plane landed at Gander because of the ice on its wings.
2. My sister always rides her bike to the office.
3. Everything that Tom says about them is true.
4. The men were unhappy with both of those.
5. That company buys only the best automotive parts from us.
6. My sister was teaching herself Spanish.
7. Something should be done about each of these problems.
8. They might not find each other at the airport.
9. What were you thinking?
10. When everyone is finished, they will announce the results.
4.3. Review of Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs: list the nouns,
pronouns, and verbs in each sentence. Then give as much information as you
can about each.
1. Kevin gave me Marion’s card.
2. Aunt Gladys lives at my mother’s now.
3. The jury is discussing its decision.
4. The chefs are always being asked for their recipes.
5. All of these will sell well.
4.4. Review of Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs: follow the directions
from in the exercise above. If you have too many mistakes, identify and
review the area that is giving you problems:
66
1. I am happy about your decision.
2. Your choices seem logical.
3. Luke is talking to his girlfriend on the phone.
4. Where was he going?
5. Why haven’t you written that letter yet?
6. How much money will you need next week?
7. He had watched TV for more than an hour.
8. Oprah has changed people’s attitudes towards honesty.
9. Tony will have finished his course by next June.
10. We were walking along the beach just before the accident.
4.5. Review of Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs: follow the directions
from in the exercise above. If you find you are still confused about some
points, ask your instructor to find alternate resource material, study it, and
then return to review exercises and try them again.
1. He smelled the fresh bread, and his mouth watered.
2. The storm grew worse as night approached.
3. It was a dark and stormy afternoon.
4. They were anxious about their reservations in Cuba.
5. Her relatives were eating lunch on the porch because of the heat.
6. Those were made in China; these come from Sackville.
7. Who has seen him lately?
8. Will you complete that survey?
9. Liz had driven herself to Central Hospital.
4.6. Adjectives: list the adjectives in this paragraph:
The young hikers walked through the dark woods. A few boys knew
that they were lost, but most simply enjoyed the sweet smell of dried pine
needles and autumn leaves that littered the ground.
The weather was warm, and the hills were gentle, but as they
continued on their way the sunlight became paler. The youngest boys started
to ask their Scout leader when they could stop and eat their sandwiches. He
told them that they would have to wait until they reach the little lake on the
other side of the steep Blue Ridge ahead.
After two long hours, the group of tired boys still had not reached the
isolated lake that was their final destination, and one older boy suggested that
67
they set up camp beside a babbling brook. They set up their canvas tents, lit a
huge crackling fire, and ate their supper. Just as they were climbing into their
snug sleeping bags, they saw a beam of light, bright and narrow, piercing the
inky darkness. With relief, the leader realized that they were six miles south
of where they should have been. The car was obviously travelling on the
Black River Road and they were only a mile or two from Mr. Jensen’s
chicken farm. They weren’t lost at all!
4.7. Open the brackets using the correct tense form:
1. Computing is a concept (embraced; embracing; for embracing)
not only arithmetic’s, but also computer literacy.
2. We can make the computer do what we want (inputted; to input;
by inputting) signals (turning; turned; without turning) switches
on and off.
3. Computers have a means (by communicating; of
communicating; communicated) with the user.
4. Computers work according to the instructions (giving; given; to
give) to it by users.
5. The transistor (inventing; invented; for inventing) in 1948
completely changed the vacuum tubes.
4.8. Open the brackets using the correct tense form:
1. The weather (be) awful in the past few days.
2. We (wash) the dishes. They’re clean now.
3. (your course, start) yet?
4. Emma (pack) her suitcase last night.
5. They (close) the factory. – Really? When (that happen) ?
6. Shall we play tennis? We (not play) since we were children.
7. The airplane (land). The pilot is just getting out.
8. Prices (go) up. Everything is more expensive this year.
9. I’m tired. We (walk) 10 miles.
10. The Queen (arrive) in an RAF helicopter last night.
11. How long (Vicky, have) that camera? – For about a month.
12. We (just come) back from our holidays.
13. You parcel (arrive). The postman (bring) it two hours ago.
14. He (be) at his computer for two hours.
15. We (live) there for 10 years but we (be) in Kiev for the last two.
68
16. We (not have) a party for ages.
17. My sister’s car is only a year old but she (already crash) it.
18. Dinosaurs (roam) the earth millions of years ago.
19. It (not rain) yet today.
20. (you see) last week’s magazine? - It must be here somewhere.
V. SPEAKING
5.1. Discuss the following questions with your partner:
1. Are there any pirate radio stations in your country? What kind of
music do they play? Do you ever listen to any of them? In what
way are they different to authorized radio stations?
2. Do you think software piracy is really a crime? How do you
think it should be punished? Have you ever copied any computer
programmes illegally, for personal use?
3. Pirating CDs and DVDs is currently illegal. Do you think it
should be legalized? Have you ever copied a CD or a DVD for
your personal use?
69
TEST
1. Choose the appropriate variant:
1. Transistors have many _______ over
vacuum tubes.
2. They _______ very little power a) consume
3. An integrated circuit is a group of elements
connected together by some circuit
________ techniques.
4. The transistor consists of a small piece of a
_______ with three electrodes.
5. Modern _______ began in the early XX
century with the invention of electronic
tubes.
6. John Fleming was the ______ of the first
two-electrode vacuum tube.
7. One of the transistor advantages was lower
power ______ in comparison with vacuum
tubes.
8. Microelectronics greatly extended man’s
intellectual _________.
2. Match the following words with the given definitions:
a)
a combination of interconnected circuit
1. Computer
2. Analog computer
3. Digital computer
elements produced in a chip to perform a
definite function
b) a sequence of instructions enabling the
computer to solve a given task
c) a tiny piece of silicon containing complex
a) patterns
b) advantages;
c) scales
b) generate
c) embrace
a) processing
b) assembly
c) manipulation
a) diode
b) conductor
c) semiconductor
a) miniaturization
b) electronics
c) microelectronics
a) generator
b) receiver
c) inventor
a) consumption
b) reception
c) transmission
a) subsystems
b) capabilities
c) dimensions
70
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]