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Файл:Английский язык для информационных технологий. Часть I. Учебное пособие по формированию иноязычной профессиональной компетенции студентов технических
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• opaque
• append-only
• immutable
• to overlap
• disparate
• boundaries
• fluid
• to enable
• to refine
• to tighten
• lack
• significant
• to imbue
1.2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
1. Databases are more efficient in data management in comparison
with data space.
2. DSSP’s deal with data in variety of formats accessible through
many systems with different interfaces.
3. Like a DBMS, a DSSP is in full control of its data.
4. A data space should be able to model any kind of relationship
between two participants.
5. Data spaces can be inserted into each other.
1.3. Read and translate the text “Hardware” [27]
H
ARDWARE
What is hardware? Webster's dictionary gives us the following
definition of the hardware — the mechanical, magnetic, electronic, and
electrical devices composing a computer system. Computer hardware can be
divided into four categories:
• input hardware;
• processing hardware;
• storage hardware;
• output hardware;
• input hardware
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The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it
into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device
is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a hand held
device connected to the computer by small cable. As the mouse is rolled
across the mouse pad, the cursor moves across the screen. When the cursor
reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse
once or twice to signal a menu selection or a command to the computer.
The light pen uses a light sensitive photoelectric cell to signal screen
position to the computer. Another type of input hardware is optic-electronic
scanner that is used to input graphics as well as typeset characters.
Microphone and video camera can be also used to input data into the
computer. Electronic cameras are becoming very popular among the
consumers for their relatively low price and convenience.
Processing hardware
The purpose of processing hardware is retrieve, interpret, and direct
the execution of software instructions provided to the computer. The most
common components of processing hardware are the Central Processing Unit
and main memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the
computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and coordinates the
processing activities that must take place. The design of the CPU affects the
processing power and the speed of the computer, as well as the amount of
main memory it can use effectively. With a well-designed CPU in your
computer, you can perform highly sophisticated tasks in a very short time.
Memory is the system of component of the computer in which
information is stored. There are two types of computer memory: RAM and
ROM. RAM (random access memory) is the volatile computer memory, used
for creating loading, and running programs and for manipulating and
temporarily storing data; ROM (read only memory) is nonvolatile, no
modifiable computer memory, used to hold programmed instructions to the
system. The more memory you have in your computer, the more operations
computer can perform.
Storage hardware
The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and
data in a form that is relatively permanent and retrieve when needed for
processing. Storage hardware serves the same basic functions, as do office-filing
systems except that it stores data as electromagnetic signals. The most common
ways of storing data are Hard disk, floppy disk, and CD-ROM.
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Hard disk is a rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing
programs and relatively large amounts of data.
Floppy disk (diskette) — thin, usually flexible plastic disk coated with
magnetic material, for storing computer data and programs. There are two
formats for floppy disks: 5.25" and 3.5". 5.25" is not used in modern computer
systems because of it relatively large size, flexibility and small capacity. 3.5"
disks are formatted 1.4 megabytes and are widely used.
D-ROM (compact disc read only memory) is a compact disc on which a
large amount of digitized read-only data can be stored. CD-ROMs are very
popular now because of the growing speed, which CD-ROM drives can provide
nowadays.
Output hardware
The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to
view information produced by the computer system Information is output in
either hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand,
such as paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it.
Softcopy output is displayed on a monitor. Monitor is a component with
a display screen for viewing computer data, television programs, etc. Printer is a
computer output device that produces a paper copy of data or graphics. Modem
is an example of communication hardware — an electronic device that makes
possible the transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other
communication lines. Hardware comes in many configurations, depending on
what the computer system is designed to do. Hardware can fill several floors of a
large office building or can fit on your lap.
Study the meaning of the following words and word combinations:
• processing hardware
• input hardware to convert
• keyboard
• mouse
• to connect
• to roll
• to reach
• sensitive
• scanner
• to retrieve
• to direct
• to execute
• to interpret
• to affect
• amount
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• sophisticated
• RAM
• volatile
• temporarily
• ROM
• storage hardware
• hard disk
• CD-ROM
• capacity
• to provide
• output hardware
• printer
• modem
• lap
• CPU
• microprocessor
1.4. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
1. Computer is an electronic device therefore hardware is a system
of electronic devices.
2. The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert
it into a form suitable for computer processing.
3. Scanner is used to input graphics only.
4. The purpose of processing hardware is to retrieve, interpret and
direct the execution of software instructions provided to the computer.
5. User is unable to change the contents of ROM.
6. 5.25" floppy disks are used more often because they are flexible
and have more capacity than 3.5" disks.
7. Printer is a processing hardware because its purpose is to show
the information produced by the system.
8. Modem is an electronic device that makes possible the
transmission of data from one computer to another via telephone or other
communication lines.
9. The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer
instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent and retrieve them
when needed for processing.
1.5. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the Webster's dictionary definition of hardware?
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2. What groups of hardware could be defined?
3. What is input hardware? What are the examples of input
hardware?
4. What is a mouse designed for? What is a light pen?
5. What is processing hardware?
6. What are the basic types of memory used in a PC?
7. Can a PC-user change the ROM? Who records the information in
ROM?
8. What is storage hardware?
9. What is CD-ROM used for?
10. Can a user record his or her data on a CD?
11. What kind of storage hardware can contain more information?
12. What is modem used for?
13. Can PC-user communicate with other people without a modem?
II. WRITING
2.1. Write the English equivalents of the given Russian words,
word combinations, and make up sentences:
A) Запоминающие устройства; носители памяти; первичные ЗУ;
вторичные ЗУ; время доступа; стоимость ЗУ; диапазон емкости памяти;
архивная память; движущиеся механические части; вращающиеся
магнитные ленты и диски; по этим причинам; твердотельные устройства;
магнитные сердечники; полупроводники; оперативное ЗУ; аппаратное
обеспечение вторичной памяти; звукозапись; намагниченные точки;
представлять зашифрованную комбинацию единиц информации; в
отличие от магнитных лент; последовательная и произвольная обработка;
устройства с движущейся и фиксированной головкой; удовлетворять
потребности; гибкий диск.
B) Хорошо известно; к компьютеру относятся; внутренняя память;
составлять суть; выполнять; координировать деятельность; определяя, в
каком порядке; управлять работой всей системы; при необходимости; в
соответствии с командами; уровни памяти; порт ввода-вывода;
переключатели; режим включения или выключения; передавать сигналы;
указывать последовательность пошаговых операций; основная память;
управлять ходом выполнения программы; с другой стороны; выполнять
вычитание, сложение, возведение в степень, деление, умножение; для того
чтобы.
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C) Среда устройств ввода-вывода; система обработки
информации; внешняя среда; связан с человеком; независим от человека;
удаленный банковский терминал; измерять поток данных; бобина с
магнитной лентой; хранить собранную информацию; двоичный формат;
интерфейс ввода-вывода; вводить с клавиатуры; устройство считывания
штрих-кода; несмотря на; преобразовать в двоичный код; сопоставлять
параметры; подобным образом; интерфейс вывода; изменить процесс в
обратном направлении; настроить устройство ввода-вывода к внешней
среде; главное отличие; основная память; вторичная память;
низкоскоростные устройства.
2.2. Write the Russian equivalents of the given English words and
word combinations, make up sentences:
Direction: backward direction; clockwise direction; counter clockwise
direction; data direction; forward direction; inverse / reverse direction; negative
direction; positive direction; printing direction; transmission direction.
Level: access level; application level; data level; device level;
difficulty level; error level; function level; hardware level; high level; input
level; output level; performance level; presentation level; program level;
protection level; resource level; security level; software level; structural level;
system level; transmission level.
Processor: arithmetic processor; central processor; command
processor; control processor; data processor; error processor; general-purpose
processor; special-purpose processor; image processor; language processor;
mail processor; message processor; numeric processor; parallel processor;
peripheral processor; text processor.
Switch: to switch between programs; to switch between windows; to
switch disks; to switch on; to switch off; to switch over; binary switch;
command switch.
Step: conversion step; final step; procedure step; program step;
programming step; step by step; one step at a time; to step down; to step out; to
step up; to take steps.
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III. ПОВТОРЕНИЕ ГРАММАТИКИ
compiling
Knowing
Not knowing
describing
Having lost
Having compiled
Participle, Its Functions and Translation
Participle I expresses simultaneous action with the main verb.
(Выражает одновременное действие с действием, выраженным
основным глаголом.)
Functions Examples Translation
Adverbial modifier
(Обстоятельство)
a) of time (времени) (While)
program, he got some
errors.
b) o
(причины)
с) of manner (образа
деиствия)
Attribute
(Определение)
f reason
was, he helped his fellow
students.
wrong with interface, we
couldn’t correct anything.
I like books
scientific discoveries.
what the matter
what was
the
Cоставляя программу,
он сделал несколько
ошибок.
Хорошо зная предмет,
он помогал своим
однокурсникам.
Не зная, что с
интерфейсом, мы
не могли ничего
исправить.
Мне нравятся книги,
описывающие научные
открытия.
Perfect participle having done expresses the action preceding the
action expressed by the main verb. (Выражает действие, предшествующее
действию, выраженному основным глаголом.)
Functions Examples Translation
Adverbial modifier
(Обстоятельство)
a) of reason (времени)
b) o
f time (причины)
his notes,
he couldn’t get ready
for the seminar.
the
program, he used it in
his research.
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Потеряв свои
записи, он не смог
подготовиться к
семинару.
Составив программу,
он использовал ее в
научной работе.
Perfect participle isn’t used as an attribute. (Перфектное причастие не
worked, done
asked
употребляется в качестве определения.)
Everybody knows the
name of the man who
made this discovery.
Participle II
значение страдательного залога)
1. Attribute We were impressed by
2. Adverbial modifier
(Обстоятельство)
Причастие настоящего времени
Действительный залог (Active Voice)
1. I spend lot of time mixing
these liquids.
2. Dripping taps must be
repaired.
has the meaning of the passive voice. (имеет
the new generation of
interface described in
the article.
hen)
(W
the improvement in the
program, he refused.
articiple I)
(P
to make
Я затратил много времени,
смешивая эти жидкости.
Протекающие краны надо
починить.
Все знают имя
человека, сделавшего
это открытие.
Новое поколение
интерфейса, описан-
ное в статье, произ-
вело на нас большое
впечатление.
Когда его попросили
усовершенствовать
программу, он
отказался.
The experiment being carried out in
our laboratory deals with the
properties of intert gases.
The
proved the theory.
Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
Проводимый в нашей
лаборатории эксперимент связан
со свойствами инертных газов.
Причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II)
Действительный залог (Active Voice) отсутствует
Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
experimental data obtained
Полученные экспериментальные
данные подтвердили теорию.
98
Причастие совершенного времени (Perfect Participle)
Действительный залог (Active Voice)
Having discussed the experimental
data at the conference he decided to
publish them without delay.
Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
The experimental data having been
discussed, he decided to publish
them without delay.
IV. GRAMMAR IN USE
4.1. Choose the appropriate tense form: present simple vs present
progressive:
1. They normally (have) lunch at two.
2. Are (you work) in Paris this week?
3. You (buy) new clothes every Saturday!
4. I played football at school but now I (prefer) swimming.
5. John (have) a difficult time at the university this year.
6. The moon (go) round the earth.
7. We (feel) that the contents of this letter should be changed.
8. The watch (belong) to my grandmother.
9. I (hear) what you (tell) me but I don’t agree with you.
10. This medicine (contain) a new substance.
11. These days we (always, have) tests at school.
12. Why (you, wear) my coat? – Oh, I’m sorry. It (look) like mine!
13. This cake (smell) strange. What’s in it?
14. Hi Jake. – What (you, do) at the moment? – I (enjoy) the
sunshine at the beach.
15. Where (new neighbors, come) from?
16. What (your dad, do) for a living? - He is a government official
but he quit his job a few weeks ago. – And what (he, do) now? –
Обсудив экспериментальные
данные на конференции, он решил
немедленно их опубликовать.
После того, как
эксперментальные данные были
обсуждены, он решил немедленно
их опубликовать.
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At the moment he (look) for a new job.
4.2. Make up the sentences using the necessary tense:
1. We – can – climb – mountain (past simple)
2. What – you – think –of England? (present simple)
3. We – learn – the whole night. (past perfect progressive)
4. I – go – doctor (conditional 1)
5. We – not be – there (conditional 2)
6. We – walk down – street (past progressive)
7. He – ever – visit – grandmother? (present perfect simple)
8. We – never- read – books (present simple)
9. Jane – not able to – walk – after the accident (past simple)
10. She – wait – for an hour (present perfect progressive)
11. He – be – an interesting man (past simple)
12. I – come – at 7 (going-to future)
13. We – discuss – the topic – for hours (present perfect
progressive)
14. She – get – up – now? (present progressive)
15. We – just finish – our homework (present perfect simple)
16. They – play – baseball – whole day (present perfect
progressive)
17. He – often – shop –at Harrods (present simple)
18. He said – Mum – already – go – out (past perfect simple)
19. I – find – this cap – this morning (present perfect simple)
20. John and Sheila – marry – on Wednesday (present progressive)
21. You – ride – a camel – in Egypt? (past simple)
22. I – cannot – go out – last night (past simple)
4.3. Choose the appropriate tense form: past simple vs past
progressive:
1. It (rain) when we (come) out of the shopping centre.
2. It (happen) very quickly. The car (come) out of the side road and then
the van (drive) into the back of it.
3. I (be) ill last week.
4. He (break) his leg when he (ski).
5. Emma (pass) her exam a few weeks ago.
6. When we (see) the spaceship we (stop) the car.
7. When (you buy) the car? – I (buy) it a few years ago.
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