- •MODERN
- •POWER STATION PRACTICE
- •PERGAMON PRESS
- •Contents
- •Foreword
- •G. A. W. Blackman, CBE, FEng
- •Preface
- •Chapters 1 and 2
- •Chapter 3
- •Contents of All Volumes
- •CHAPTER 1
- •Power station siting and site layout
- •1 Planning for new power stations
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 Capacity considerations
- •1.3 Economic considerations
- •1.4 Future requirement predictions
- •1.5 System planning studies
- •1.6 Authority to build a new power station
- •2 Site selection and investigation
- •2.1 Basic site requirements
- •2.3 Detailed site investigation
- •2.4 Environmental considerations
- •2.5 Site selection
- •3 Site layout — thermal power stations
- •3.1 General
- •3.2 Foundations
- •3.3 Site and station levels
- •3.4 Main buildings and orientation
- •3.5 Ancillary buildings
- •3.6 Main access and on-site roads
- •3.7 Station operation considerations
- •3.8 Cooling water system
- •3.9 Fuel supplies and storage
- •3.10 Ash and dust disposal
- •3.11 Flue gas desulphurisation plant materials
- •3.12 Transmission requirements
- •3.13 Construction requirements
- •3.14 Amenity considerations
- •3.15 Typical site layouts
- •4 Pumped storage
- •4.1 Introduction.
- •4.2 Suitable topology
- •4.3 Ground conditions
- •4.4 Site capacity
- •4.5 System and transmission requirements
- •4.7 Heavy load access
- •4.9 Environmental impact
- •5 Gas turbines
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 The role of gas turbines
- •4.7 Heavy load access
- •Station design and layout
- •1 Introduction
- •2.1 Fossil-fired stations
- •2.2 Nuclear stations
- •2.3 Hydro-electric and pumped storage stations
- •2.4 Gas turbine stations
- •3 Future development options
- •3.1 Fossil-fired plant
- •3.2 Nuclear stations
- •3.3 Combined cycle gas turbines
- •3.4 Wind power
- •3.5 Tidal power
- •3.6 Geothermal energy
- •3.7 Combined heat and power
- •4 Station design concepts
- •4.1 Basic considerations
- •4.2 Design objectives
- •5 Plant operation
- •6 Station layout
- •6.1 General
- •6.2 Main plant orientation
- •6.3 Layout conventions
- •.7 Turbine-generator systems
- •7.1 Feedheating plant
- •7.2 Condenser and auxiliary plant
- •7.3 Erection and maintenance
- •8 Boiler systems
- •8.1 Pulverised fuel system
- •8.2 Draught system
- •8.3 Oil firing system
- •8.4 Boiler fittings
- •8.5 Dust extraction plant
- •8.6 Flue gas desulphurisation plant
- •9 Main steam pipework
- •10 Low pressure pipework and valves
- •11 Water storage tanks
- •12 Cranes
- •13 Fire protection
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.2 Prevention of fires
- •13.3 Limiting the consequences of a fire
- •13.4 Reducing the severity of fires
- •14 Electrical plant layout
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2 Auxiliary switchgear
- •14.3 Turbine-generator auxiliaries
- •14.4 Main connections
- •14.5 Transformers
- •14.6 Cables
- •14.7 Batteries and charging equipment
- •14.8 Control rooms
- •15 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.2 Ventilation of nuclear stations
- •15.3 Smoke and fire control
- •15.4 General layout of HVAC plant
- •16 Air services
- •17 Water treatment plant
- •18 Cooling water plant
- •18.1 General design considerations
- •18.2 Cooling water pumphouse
- •18.3 Main cooling water pumps
- •18.4 Screening plant
- •18.5 Pump discharge valves
- •18.6 Section valves
- •18.7 Discharge pipework
- •18.8 Auxiliary systems
- •19 Chlorination plant
- •20 Coal handling plant
- •20.2 Water-borne reception and discharging
- •20.3 Road-borne reception and discharging
- •20.4 Coal storage
- •20.5 Conveyance from unloading point to station bunkers or coal store
- •20.6 Plant control
- •21 Ash and dust handling plant
- •21.1 Ash handling plant
- •21.2 Dust handling plant
- •21.3 Ash and dust disposal
- •22 Auxiliary boilers
- •23 Gas generation and storage
- •23.1 Hydrogen
- •23.2 Carbon dioxide
- •23.3 Nitrogen
- •23.4 Miscellaneous gases
- •24 Pumped storage plant
- •24.1 Hydraulic machines
- •24.2 Generator-motors
- •24.3 Main inlet valves
- •24.4 Draft tube valves
- •24.5 Gates
- •24.6 High integrity pipework
- •25 Gas turbine plant
- •25.1 Introduction
- •25.2 Operational requirements
- •25.3 Aero-engine-derivative gas turbines
- •25.4 Industrial gas turbines
- •25.5 Gas turbine power station layout
- •26 References
- •CHAPTER 3
- •Civil engineering and building works
- •Introduction
- •2 Geotechnical investigations
- •2.1 General and desk studies
- •2.2 Geophysical investigations
- •2.3 Trial excavations and boreholes
- •2.3 Trial excavations and boreholes
- •2.4 In-situ tests
- •2.5 Groundwater investigations
- •2.6 Ground description and classification
- •2.7 Laboratory tests
- •2.8 Factual reports
- •2.9 Interpretation of site investigations
- •3 Seismic hazard assessment
- •3.1 Geology
- •3.2 Earthquakes
- •3.3 Crustal dynamics
- •3.4 Ground motion hazard
- •3.5 Ground rupture hazard
- •4 Types of foundations
- •4.1 Isolated column foundations
- •4.2 Strip foundations
- •4.5 Piled foundations
- •4.5 Piled foundations
- •4.6 Caisson foundations
- •4.7 Anti-seismic foundations
- •5 Foundations design and construction
- •5.1 Concrete
- •5.2 Bearing pressures and settlement
- •5.3 Test piling
- •6 Foundations for main and secondary structures
- •6.1 Boiler house foundations
- •6.2 Turbine hall foundations
- •6.3 Turbine-generator blocks
- •6.4 Basement of ground floor
- •6.5 Track hoppers
- •6.6 Chimney foundations
- •6.7 Cooling tower foundations
- •6.8 Reactor foundations
- •7 General site works
- •7.1 Flood embankments
- •7.2 Roads
- •7.3 Drainage
- •7.4 Railways
- •7.5 Coal storage
- •7.3 Oil tank compounds
- •7.7 Ash disposal areas
- •8 Methods of construction
- •8.1 Site clearance, access roads and construction offices
- •8.2 Underground construction
- •8.3 Groundwater lowering
- •8.4 Excavating machinery
- •8.6 Formwork and reinforcement
- •8.7 Mixing and placing of concrete
- •9 Direct cooled circulating water systems
- •9.1 Civil engineering structures in direct cooling systems
- •9.2 Culverts
- •3.3 Pumphouse and screen chamber intake
- •9.4 Cooling water tunnels
- •9.5 Submersible cooling water structures
- •9.6' Maintenance considerations
- •10 Harbours and jetties
- •10.1 General
- •10.2 Types of harbours and jetties
- •10.3 Construction of harbours and jetties
- •11 Loadings
- •11.1 Definitions
- •11.2 Imposed loads due <o plant
- •11.3 Distributed imposed loads
- •II. 6 Reduced loadings in main beams and columns
- •11.4 Cranes
- •11.5 Wind and snow loads
- •12 Steel frames
- •12.1 Steelwork
- •13 Reinforced concrete
- •13.1 General
- •13.2 Formwork
- •13.3 Reinforcement
- •1^.4 Design of reinforced concrete
- •12.2 Design of members
- •12.3 Connections
- •12.4 Protection of steelwork
- •13.5 Movement joints
- •13.6 Curing
- •13.7 Precast concrete
- •14 Prestressed concrete
- •14.1 Prestressing
- •14.2 Prestressed piling
- •14.2 Prestressed piling
- •14.3 Prestressed concrete pressure vessels and containments
- •15 Brickwork and blockwork
- •15.1 General
- •15.2 Bricks
- •15.3 Mortar
- •15.4 Brickwork
- •15.5 Blocks
- •15.8 Openings
- •15.6 Blockwork
- •16 Lightweight walling systems
- •16.1 Sheeting
- •16.2 Insulation
- •16.3 Fixings
- •16.4 Durability
- •17 Roofing
- •17.1 Structural elements
- •17.2 Insulation and weatherproofing layers
- •17.3 Application to power stations
- •17.4 Durability
- •17.5 Rainwater disposal
- •18 Finishes
- •18.1 Floor finish considerations
- •18.2 Types of floor finish
- •18.3 Finishes to walls and ceilings
- •18.4 Wall tiling and other special finishes
- •18.5 Internal painting
- •18^6 External painting
- •19 Turbine hall and boiler house construction
- •19.1 General
- •19.2 Structural considerations
- •19.3 Erection of steelwork
- •19.4 ''Cladding
- •19.5 Ventilation
- •19.6 Floor and wall finishes
- •20 Reactor construction
- •20.1 Reactors
- •20.2 Reactor buildings
- •21.2 Control room building
- •21.3 Gas turbine house
- •21.4 CW pumphouse
- •21.6 Workshops and stores
- •21.7 Offices, welfare blocks, laboratories and similar buildings
- •22 Chimneys, cooling towers and precipitators
- •22.1 Chimneys
- •22.2 Cooling towers
- •22.3 Precipitators
- •23 Architecture and landscape
- •23.1 General power station architecture
- •23.2 Landscape considerations
- •23.3 Preparatory works
- •23.4 Landscape layout
- •24 Regulations
- •24.1 Government instruments
- •24.2 Factories Act
- •24.4 Building regulations
- •24.5 Nuclear station licensing
- •25 Civil engineering contracts
- •25.2 Forms of contract
- •25.3 Contract strategy
- •25.4 Contract placing
- •25.5 Contract administration
- •25.6 Budgetary approval and control
- •26 References
- •Appendix A
- •SUBJECT INDEX
CHAPTER 3
Civil engineering and building works
1Introduction
2Geotechnical investigations
2.1General and desk studies
2.2Geophysical investigations
2.3Trial excavations and boreholes
2.4In-situ tests
2.5Groundwater investigations
2.6Ground description and classification
2.7Laboratory tests
2.8Factual reports
2.9Interpretation of site investigations
3Seismic hazard assessment
3.1Geology
3.2Earthquakes
3.3Crustal dynamics
3.4Ground motion hazard
3.5Ground rupture hazard
4Types of foundations
4.1Isolated column foundations
4.2Strip foundations
4.3Raft foundations
4.4Cellular raft foundations
4.5Piled foundations 4.5.1 Displacement piles
4.5.2 Replacement piles |
» |
4.6Caisson foundations
4.7Anti-seismic foundations
5Foundations design and construction
5.1Concrete
5.2Bearing pressures and settlement
5.2.1Consolidation settlement
5.2.2Plastic settlement
5.2.3Settlement due to changes of conditions
5.3Test piling
6Foundations for main and secondary structures
6.1Boiler house foundations
6.2Turbine hall foundations
6.3Turbine-generator blocks
6.4Basement of ground floor
6.5Track hoppers
6.6Chimney foundations
6.7Cooling tower foundations
6.7.1The cooling tower shell and shell support columns
6.7.2The packing support structure
6.7.3The pond floor
6.7.4The distribution culvert
6.8Reactor foundations
7General site works
7.1Flood embankments
7.2Roads
7.3Drainage
7.4Railways
7.5Coal storage
7.6Oil tank compounds
7.7Ash disposal areas
8Methods of construction
8.1Site clearance, access roads and construction offices
8.2Underground construction
8.2.1Cofferdams
8.2.2Compressed air or pneumatic caissons
8.2.3Monoliths
8.3Groundwater lowering
8.4Excavating machinery
8.4.1Dragline
8.4.2Backacter
8.4.3Face shovel
8.4.4Grab
8.4.5Excavator
8.4.6Tractor shovel and loader
8.4.7Scraper
8.5Construction by diaphragm walling techniques
8.6Formwork and reinforcement
8.7Mixing and placing of concrete
9Direct cooled circulating water systems
9.1Civil engineering structures in direct cooling systems
9.2Culverts
9.3Pumphouse and screen chamber intake
9.4Cooling water tunnels
9.5Submersible cooling water structures
9.6Maintenance considerations
10Harbours and jetties
10.1General
10.2Types of harbours and jetties
10.3Construction of harbours and jetties
11Loadings
11.1Definitions
11.2Imposed loads due to plant
11.3Distributed imposed loads
11.4Cranes
11.5Wind and snow loads
11.6Reduced loadings in main beams and columns
11.7Design loadings
. 11.8 Extreme loadings for nuclear stations
12Steel frames
12.1Steelwork
12.2Design of members
12.3Connections
12.4Protection of steelwork
13Reinforced concrete
13.1General
13.2 Formwork . |
_______ ......................... |
13.3Reinforcement
13.4Design of reinforced concrete
13.4.1Non-seismic-resistant design
13.4.2Seismic-resistant design
13.5Movement joints
13.6Curing
13.7Precast concrete '
14Prestressed concrete
14.1Prestressing
14.2Prestressed piling
178
14.3 Prestressed concrete pressure vessels and containments
Brickwork and blockwork
15.1General
15.2Bricks
15.3Mortar
15.4Brickwork
15.5Blocks
15.6Blockwork
15.7Damp-proof courses
15.8Openings
Lightweight walling systems
16.1Sheeting
16.2Insulation
16.3Fixings
16.4Durability
Roofing
17.1Structural elements
17.2Insulation and weatherproofing layers
17.3Application to power stations
17.4Durability
17.5Rainwater disposal
Finishes
18.1Floor finish considerations
18.2Types of floor finish
18.3Finishes to walls and ce' igs
18.4Wall tiling and other special finishes
18.5Internal painting
18.6External painting
I Turbine hall and boiler house construction
19.1General
19.2Structural considerations
19.3Erection of steelwork
19.4Cladding
19.5Ventilation
19.6Floor and wall finishes
) Reactor construction
20.1Reactors
20.2Reactor buildings
I Ancillary buildings
21.1General
21.2Control room building
21.3Gas turbine house
21.4CW pumphouse
21.5Coal, dust and ash plant buildings
21.6Workshops and stores
21.7Offices, welfare blocks, laboratories and similar buildings
22Chimneys, cooling towers and precipitators
22.1Chimneys
22.2Cooling towers
22.3Precipitators
23Architecture and landscape
23.1General power station architecture
23.2Landscape considerations
23.3Preparatory works
23.4Landscape layout
24Regulations
24.1Government instruments
24.2Factories Act
24.3Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974
24.4Building regulations
24.5Nuclear station licensing
24.6Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act
25Civil, engineering contracts
25.1Special aspects of civil engineering contracts
25.2Forms of contract
25.2.1Turnkey contracts
25.2.2Lump sum contracts
25.2.3Remeasurement contracts
25.2.4Target/cost contracts
25.2.5Cost reimbursable contracts
25.3Contract strategy
25.3.1Extent of civil engineering work
25.3.2Type of contract
25.3.3Extent of contract
25.4Contract placing'
25.4.1Programme
25.4.2Invitation to tender
25.4.3Tender documentation
25.4.4Return of tenders
.' 25.4.5 Tender appraisal
25.4.6Tender acceptance
25.5Contract administration
25.5.1General
25.5.2Specific quality
25.5.3Programme requirements
25.6Budgetary approval and control
25.6.1General
25.6.2Changes in design
25.6.3Design development
25.6.4Site instructions
25.6.5Additional costs
26 References
Appendix
A Estimation of the carrying capacity of piles
Introduction |
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sometimes at, but more materially below, ground level. |
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Firstly, methods of soil and rock investigation are |
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|
|
|
he construction of a power station can be divided |
reviewed and then there are basic descriptions of foun- |
|
anvenicntly into two components. These are construc- |
• dation types in general use. This leads to a discussion |
|
on below ground level — foundations, and construc- |
with examples of reinforced concrete foundations of |
|
on above ground level — superstructure. Accordingly |
typical main and secondary structures. Section 7 con |
|
lis chapter has been split likewise. |
|
siders other works which are not strictly classified as |
Sections 2 to 10 of this chapter are devoted to matters |
foundations but are encompassed by civil engineering |
|
;lated to foundations and some structures which are |
and are often of a site preparatory nature. In Section 8 |
|
holly or primarily below ground while Sections 11 to |
primary construction methods are discussed for land |
|
2 relate to superstructures and construction |
above |
sited works. |
round level. Let us define those matters which |
are to |
River and sea works normally associated with coolirtg |
e covered under foundations. These structures and |
water systems are considered in Section 9, followed by |
|
instructions are very often in reinforced concrete. |
|
an outline of the works and methods of construction |
179