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to strengthen the family, build family relations based on feelings of mutual love and respect, mutual assistance and responsibility to the family of all its members, the inadmissibility of arbitrary interference by anyone in family affairs, ensuring the unhindered exercise by familymembers oftheir rights,thepossibilityof judicialprotectionofthese rights[5].

The legislation attaches a special role to the protection of family values. In accordance with Federal Law No. 436-FZ of December 29, 2010 "On the Protection of children from information harmful to their health and development", information prohibited for distribution among children includes information that denies family values, promotes non-traditional sexual relationsand formsdisrespect for parentsand/orother family members[6].

The importance of the family in the positive agenda of the development of the individual, society and the state is given by the fact that, as an object of state family policy, the family occupies a central place in the entire social policy of the Russian Federation.

Thus, in the Concept of Demographic Policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 09.10.2007 No. 1351 "On approval of the Concept of Demographic Policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025", it is about the traditional values of the family, when it is determined that "the solution of tasks to strengthen the institution of the family, the revival and preservation of spiritual-the moral traditions of family relations includes the promotion of the values of a family with several children, as well as various forms of family arrangement of children left without parental care, in order to form a positive image in society of a family with a stable registered marriage of spouses who have several children or adopt children left without parental care" [2].

The concept of state family policy in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025 includes the priorities of state family policy the establishment of traditional family values and family lifestyle, the revival and preservation of spiritual and moral traditions in family relations and family education, the creation of conditions for ensuring family wellbeing, responsible parenthood, increasing the authority of parents in the family and society and maintaining social stability of each family [4; 19, p. 6].

The Fundamentals of the State Cultural Policy approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated December 24, 2014 No. 808 "On the approval of the Fundamentals of the State Cultural Policy" states that the Russian Federation faces the task of responding to the challenges of the modern world. The most dangerous possible manifestations of this crisis for the future of Russia include the devaluation of universally recognized values and the distortion of value orientations, as well as the atomization of society – the rupture of social ties (friendly, family, neighborly), the growth of individualism, and disregard for the rights of others. Therefore, the results of the implementation of the state cultural policy should be the revival of the traditions of family education, bridging the gap between generations within the family; the establishment of traditional family values in the public consciousness; the growth of social value and raising the status of the family, awareness of family values as the basis of personal and social well-being [3].

In the Message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly dated 20.02.2019, the President of the Russian Federation attributed the preservation of the people and the full support of families to the key task for the state, civil society, religious organizations, political parties and the media. They emphasized that it was the family, the birth of children, procreation, and respect for older generations that were and remain a powerful moral framework. And the strengthening of family values is identified as a key issue of the future of Russia [9].

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In 2021, this issue was also the focus of attention of Russian President Vladimir Putin, who directly noted that the prospects for the development of our country and its fate directly depend on what the population of Russia will be, and what values people will share in the future [11].

These facts allow us to state that the state authorities in Russia consistently pursue a policy of preserving traditional family values. In this regard, it is possible to observe a situation where the law formalizes the state ideology in the field of family relations, influencing people's behavior by a rather mild assessment of what is or is not socially useful and necessary from the point of view of the positive development of society and man.

3. Family constitutional values. Constitutions of different countries perform both legal and ideological functions. The latter consists in the fact that the constitutions enshrine a system of political and legal ideas, ideas, socially significant values, which become the cultural and historical basis for the ideological identification and self-identification of a particular state.

The above applies to the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The preamble of the Basic Law of the Russian Federation contains a charge of enormous ideological force that permeates every chapter of it, every norm [25, p. 84].

Since 1993, when the current Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted in Russia, the world has changed significantly. The values that are shared by the majority of citizens of various states have also changed. Thus, in a number of countries, the concepts of same-sex, singular and other non-traditional forms of family have become widespread. Gradually, from the "admission" of such forms of cohabitation and marital relations, the legislation of a number of countries (primarily Europe and North America) legalized them through changes in laws and constitutions, as well as decisions of constitutional or supreme courts. Bans on non-traditional forms of cohabitation and marriages began to be recognized as unconstitutional [22, pp. 121–123].

Russian society consistently treats the family as a traditional institution, which is characterized by unchanging and stable qualities, which at various times have made it possible to overcome difficult times and significant threats to the state and society and preserve the unity of the nation. Paradoxically, it is precisely these circumstances that supporters of the recognition of the possibility for gay couples to generate the same legal consequences that exist in Russia for the union of a man and a woman. Defining this as "cavelike", it is emphasized that "... for Russia, the period of intensified de–Glorification of the recognition of gay marriage as a full-fledged marriage is absolutely unthinkable ..." [14].

The rapid expansion of the area of non-traditional forms of cohabitation and the aggressive influence of their supporters on the public consciousness could not but cause the opposite effect. In the Russian Federation, special attention was paid to the family as the basis for the development of society and the state in 2020. Thus, the President of the Russian Federation began his Address to the Federal Assembly on January 15, 2020 by outlining the main problem that Russia faced – population decline. Speaking about the support of the family, its values, V.V. Putin stressed the importance of perceiving the true values of a large family as a natural moral norm of the younger generations, capable of solving the historical task of ensuring the progressive development of Russia as a large state and a successful country [10].

The all-Russian vote on July 1, 2020 on the approval of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, among others, had an important consequence for increasing the importance of such a concept as family values.

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Since July 4, 2020, the powers of the Government of the Russian Federation have been attributed to the implementation in the Russian Federation of a unified socially oriented state policy in the field of culture, science, education, health, social security, support, strengthening and protection of the family, preservation of traditional family values (highlighted by us. – V.G., M.G., V.E., V.S.), as well as in the field of environmental protection (paragraph "b" of Part 1 of Article 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation; paragraph 2 of Article 1 of Federal Constitutional Law No. 4-FKZ dated 06.11.2020 "On the Government of the Russian Federation") [8].

T.Y. Khabrieva and A.A. Klishas rightly note that this supplement "... mediates historical ideals and approaches to the institution of marriage and family, since it is the family that is the most significant constitutional value for every person, which is protected by the state. The family has always been and remains one of the main factors in the full-fledged upbringing of new generations of citizens, the preservation and development of the multinational people of the Russian Federation" [24].

4. Family values and legal impact. Scientists define the content of the concept of "family values" in different ways. Some consider them as a set of views on what goals a family should have how to achieve them, and also how interaction should be organized in the process of such cooperation [8, p. 6]. The approach of other scientists is based on the consideration of family values as a result of social rationing, which reflects the public consensus in relation to the institution of the family and what its main functions are: demographic, socio-cultural, household, primary social control, etc. [26, p. 18]. Still others interpret family values as benefits that have their own purpose: the creation, strengthening and preservation of the family, a healthy lifestyle of its members, a positive impact on the formation of beliefs and a common worldview of all citizens of our country [20, pp. 18–19].

E.N. Eliseeva rightly points out that the most important problem of the development of the theory of family values is their different interpretation from the point of view of the general and the particular. The first reflects the position mainly established in society, the second is the point of view of a particular person and an individual family on the understanding of family values [17, p. 100]. In this regard, she believes that the main task on this issue is to balance the interests of each subject or group of such interests: a person, a certain family and society as a whole [17, p. 100].

Family values perform a unique function in the legal system. The specificity of family relations is manifested in the fact that relations between family members are based on feelings of morality and morality. The consequence of this is the use of mainly non-legal methods of resolving possible conflicts without the involvement of special bodies (guardianship and guardianship authorities, courts). Family issues are resolved on the basis of reaching a compromise, when parents and children voluntarily, through mutual concessions and agreements, move towards achieving family values. This helps to strengthen the institution of the family, because the internal motivator of behavior works, which is the most effective and effective. Indeed, both the love between spouses, and the respect of children for their parents, as well as other feelings and emotions, perfectly copes with the role of regulators of behavior, ensuring that actions correspond to the values of the subject.

Most personal relationships are not regulated by the rules of law, since the law affects a fairly narrow range of non-property relations. There is only the establishment of the boundaries of legal relations within which family rights are exercised. When going beyond these borders, sanctions should be applied, and attempts to regulate internal relations in the family end with the adoption of declarative norms that are devoid of sanctions [12,

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p. 114]. Consequently, the law does not regulate (primarily) the content of family relations, but exercises legal influence on them.

Legal impact is a broad concept in content. In comparison with the category of legal regulation, the scope of legal impact is much wider. It not only regulates the behavior of participants in public relations, but also goes beyond the boundaries of such regulation. Elements of law influence political, economic, ideological and other phenomena not only through special legal means that are enshrined in the norms of law, but through other legal phenomena. In this case, they do not relate to the mechanism of legal regulation, acting as its basis, context and outcome [15, pp. 297–310; 16, pp. 38–39; 21].

The possibilities of legal regulation regarding family values are rather limited and modest. It is more accurate to talk about the limits of legal regulation, since the definition of the boundaries of personal family relations allows you to include protection mechanisms when these boundaries are violated. And, on the contrary, in the sphere of family relations, the possibilities of legal influence are quite wide. The law affects the activities of subjects not only directly, since it may not endow them with rights and obligations.

Ideological and informative influence occurs through consciousness, which plays a significant role in the formation of legal awareness and the prevention of offenses. It covers a system of objects that is outside the law, but under the influence of legal phenomena. In this logic, the legal consolidation of family values indicates the power of influence and the scope of legal influence by only one fact of giving legal form to traditions in the field of family relations. This factor immediately increases the importance of family values in the general hierarchy of social values, and also orients the direction of development of state policy in this area. There is a great potential in these indirect (hybrid) forms of the impact of law on family relations, which can not only increase the effectiveness of the law, but also weaken the negative factors associated with globalization, standardization and unification of public relations.

Conclusion. In everyday legal life, the main contradiction between the real and noumenal, practical and theoretical components that cement the concepts of "family values" from the point of view of law (theory) and psychology (practice of family life) comes into force.

Currently, modern Western civilization is a psychologically-oriented mega-society. In it, due to the evolutionary degradation of traditional religion (first of all Christianity in all its manifestations – Catholicism, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, etc.), a mental vacuum has arisen, indicated in the philosophies of life and being (Nietzscheanism, existentialism) as a crisis of human meanings. A competitive, market economy determines the value of each person as a subject of commodity-money relations (wealth and capital, money and goods, personal competitiveness and abilities in liquid professions), and psychological superstructures are rooted in this competitive orientation from the earliest childhood of a person, that is, when consciousness begins to form with all its future content.

So, in most modern Russian families, young children are taught to study and additional developmental activities from an early age. This is done not only in order to discover and develop the talents of the child, but in order to instill in him the skills to be a leader and a winner, to become a successful, secure and stable (due to the addition of the above points) member of society.

In itself, the tendency to involve a child in interesting, developing and attractive activities is a positive element of education under one condition – when he "grows up" from his aspirations, curiosity and inclinations, and at an older age – ability and talent. When

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a child is forced to attend three, four, five different sections, circles, schools, this indicates that parents want to develop economically-oriented, competitive abilities in the child: sociability, efficiency, versatility. This is neither good nor bad – such conditions are dictated by modernWesterncivilizationwithitsdesire for successin any "liquid" sphereof professions.

The family is transformed by assuming the role of a "launching pad" for the child to realize the necessary socio-evolutionary qualities. There is a situation when the values of the family change. There is no transfer and assimilation of family traditions.

Any competitive environment, including sports, business and creativity, directly orients a person to the development of his internal physical and spiritual reserves. But these spheres are also a field of increased conflict, creating in case of failure, injury, impotence, severe complexes, both in children and their parents. Since the priority is man and citizen, not family and tradition, Western civilization builds a system of psychological and psychiatric care for suffering individuals, which must sacrifice collective value in favor of individual (it is also necessary to understand that psychologists, like analysts, are paid not by the family, but by the patient himself, who prefers to treat his problems without the knowledge of his relatives).

A person often feels the first depression at the age of 14–16, and when going to a psychologist, typing on the Internet the words "burden", "meaninglessness", "I can't bring myself to get out of bed", a young man "with pleasure" learns that the causes of his suffering and ailments are to blame for childhood injuries caused, of course, the closest; that all his complexes are the effect of improper, tyrannical, aggressive upbringing and disrespect for his appeals and interests. So, even in adolescence, a person acquires an absolute conviction of the "wrongness of the family", starting to vaguely blame his parents for the failures that happened to him.

It is difficult to find arguments against the conclusions that the basic theories of psychoanalysis are working, but in some respects anti-family. Many adult Europeans visit their psychologist once a week or a month. In Russia, this analytical dependence is not so widespread, but the same trends are observed in large megacities.

If earlier the role of the regulator of spiritual and motivational relations between a person and society was played by the church with its traditional concern for the family and its fortress, now this place is occupied by a "psychological" faith in the search and obtaining benefits and material comfort as the basis of a liberal worldview.

Despite the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation approved during the all-Russian vote on July 1, 2020 [1], the Basic Law retains a general orientation towards man and citizen, as well as the consolidation of liberal constitutional models on the priority of human and civil rights and freedoms over other, primarily social values. Both in Europe and in Russia, the child is guided that his life, his freedom of expression, his self–determination is the highest value protected by the state. If the subject is experiencing discomfort, dissatisfaction with something, then this is often the fault of the family. At the same time, a person has subjective rights. And here the rights, depending on the degree of evolution of the legal system and mechanisms for the realization of rights, vary quite a lot.

In Russia, the level of control over the family and family relations is lower than the level of control over them in European countries and the protective function of the law is triggered only when there is a threat to the life and health of the child. In many European countries, guardianship and guardianship authorities respond to complaints from children and have the opportunity to take a fairly wide range of actions against parents. Such a reality is a manifestation of the essence of a liberal civilization, conditioned by the way of an

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economic and competitive–oriented life of a person striving for health and safety, material benefits,career,social,creativegrowthandotherprivilegesofamoderndynamiccivilization.

In order to change the situation and reanimate family values, it is necessary not only to change the motivational attitudes of specialists – teachers, university professors, practicing psychologists, but also to create conditions for the development of a family environment. But if all the forms and mechanisms, goals and guidelines of society have changed and become different, is there now an opportunity to create such an ethically-oriented social environment?

The insurmountable value dualism of society is both an obstacle and the main reason why this issue will not be resolved for a long time, and the problem will remain relevant and acute for a long time. This contradiction is the root cause of the depth of the problem, which is expressed in the crisis of the family and family values of our society.

Conflict of interest.

The authors confirm the absence of a conflict of interest.

Bibliographic list

1.The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020).

2.Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 09.10.2007 No. 1351 (ed. dated 01.07.2014) "On approval of the Concept of Demographic Policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025" // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 15.10.2007, N 42, Article 5009.3.

3.Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 808 dated December 24, 2014 "On Approval of the Foundations of the State Cultural Policy" // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, December 29, 2014, No. 52 (Part 1), Article 7753.

4.Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 25.08.2014 No. 1618-r "On approval of the Concept of State family policy in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025" // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 01.09.2014, N 35, Article 4811.5.

5.Family Code of the Russian Federation dated 29.12.1995, N 223-FZ (ed. from 04.02.2021, with ed. dated 02.03.2021) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 1996. 27 Jan.

6.Federal Law No. 436-FZ of 29.12.2010 (ed. of 31.07.2020) "On the protection of children from information harmful to their health and development" // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2010. 31 Dec.

7.Federal Law No. 273-FZ of 29.12.2012 (as amended on 17.02.2021) "On Education in the Russian Federation" // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 31.12.2012, No. 53 (Part 1), Article7598.

8.Federal Constitutional Law No. 4-FZ of 06.11.2020 "On the Government of the Russian Federation" // Russian Federation newspaper. 2020. 09 Nov.

9.Message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly dated 20.02.2019 "Message of the President to the Federal Assembly" // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2019. February 21.

10.Message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly dated 15.01.2020 "Message of the President to the Federal Assembly" // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2020. January 16.

11.Message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly on April 21, 2021 [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/ transcripts/messages/ 65418 (date of address: 27.04.2021).

12.Alekseev A.A. Fundamentals of the philosophy of law. St. Petersburg: Publishing House "Law Institute", 1998. P. 114.

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13.Antokolskaya M.V. The place of family law in the system of branches of law in the light of the reform of legislation on marriage and family // Family law of Russia: collection review and art. Moscow, 1996. Рp. 37–38.

14.Bevzenko R. The story of the gay marriage of two Russians from the point of view of grammatical, historical and teleological interpretation [Electronic resource]. URL: https:// zakon.ru/blog/2018/01/28/istoriya_o_gejbrake_dvuh_rossiyan_s_tochki_zreniyagrammaticheskogo_istoricheskogo_i_teleologichesk. (accessed: 04/01/2021).

15.Gruzdev V.V. Issues of correlation of legal impact and legal regulation // Bulletin of the Kostroma State University named after N.A. Nekrasov. 2011. No. 2. Рp. 297–310.

16.Gruzdev V.V. Theory of the legal state of personality: abstract. dis. ...Dr. yurid. Sciences. N. Novgorod. 2012. Рp. 38–39.

17.Eliseeva A.A. Family values: problems of definition // Family and family values in the Russian Federation: socio-legal aspect: materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference dedicated to the anniversary of Doctor of Law, professor Yu.F. Bespalova. Moscow: RG_Press, 2019. Р. 100.

18.Erokhina E.V. Family and legal values in Russian and European family law: monograph. Orenburg: OOO "PRINTING HOUSE "AGENCY PRESS", 2018. P. 10.

19.Ivanova I.V., Dudareva T.V. Family values in official and civil marriage // Psychological research: electronic scientific journal. 2009.No. 2(4). P. 6.

20.Kasatkina A.Yu. Family values in the doctrine of family law and family legislation of the Russian Federation // Family and housing law. 2020. No. 1. Pp. 18–19.

21.Komarov S.A. Mechanism of legal influence // General theory of state and law. Academic course in three volumes /Ed. by M.N. Marchenko. – 4th ed., reprint and additional Vol. 3. Moscow: Norm: INFRA-M, 2014. Pp. 92–113.

22.Lafitskiy V.I. Constitutional values of the family in the struggle of civilizations for survival. Moscow: Prospect, 2021. Pp. 121–123.

23.Sociological Encyclopedic Dictionary. In Russian, English, German, French and Czech. Moscow: INFRA M – Norm, 1998. Pp. 402–403.

24.Khabrieva T.Ya., Klishas A.A. Thematic commentary to the Law of the Russian Federation on the amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of March 14, 2020 N 1-FKZ "On improving regulation of certain issues of the organization and functioning of public power". Moscow: Norm, INFRA-M,2020 // SPS "ConsultantPlus".

25.Shakhray S.M. About the Constitution: The Basic Law as an instrument of legal and sociopolitical transformations / S.M. Shakhray. Moscow: Nauka, 2013. P. 84.

26.Yakushev P.A. Traditional values in the mechanism of legal regulation of family relations in Russia and European countries: abstract. ... dis. Dr. yurid. Sciences. Moscow, 2019. P. 18.

For citation: Gruzdev V.V., Gruzdeva M.L., Ershov V.N., Smirnov V.A. Family Values and norms Regulating Family Relations: article // Theory of state and law. 2022. № 2 (27). Pp. 119–127.

DOI: 10.47905/MATGIP.2022. 27.2.010

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Научная статья

УДК 340.0 ББК 67.0

DOI: 10.47905/MATGIP.2022. 27.2.011

Э.А. Джалилов*

ПРАВОВАЯ ОХРАНА И ЗАЩИТА ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ:

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬНОЙ ТЕХНИКИ

Аннотация. В статье рассматривается проблема смешения в научных исследованиях и правоприменительной практике понятий «охрана» и «защита» интеллектуальной собственности. Автор анализирует приёмы законодательной техники, которые должны использоваться разработчиками нормативно-правовых актов для того, чтобы избежать неоднозначного толкования дефиниций, а также рассматривает соотношение понятий «охраны» и «защиты» прав в теории права и в законодательстве, регулирующем сферу интеллектуальной собственности. В заключении автор приходит к выводу о недостаточности теоретической подготовки правоприменителей и наличии пробелов в толковании норм права и предлагает в качестве преодоления указанных проблем пересмотр концепции российского законотворчества с последующей доработкойдействующих нормативноправовых актов в целях соотнесения нормативно-правовых установлений с объективными закономерностями развития общественных отношений.

Ключевые слова: интеллектуальная собственность, охрана прав, защита прав, законодательная техника, толкование права, норма права, правовые отношения, судебная практика, теория права, нормативноправовойакт,законотворчество.

Введение. Законодательство в сфере интеллектуальной собственности в России в настоящее время всё ещё находится в стадии становления, о чём свидетельствует противоречивая правоприменительная и судебная практики, несовершенство законодательной техники. Между тем, теоретически верное, объективное и грамматически точное изложение правового материала является первым и основным шагом к правильному применению права.

С.А. Комаров считает, что юридическая техника – это совокупность средств

иприемов, используемых в соответствии с принятыми правилами при выработке

исистематизации нормативных правовых актов для обеспечения их совершенства

иповышения эффективности [9, c. 337]. Законодательная техника является одним из элементов правотворчества, представляющим собой систему правил и приёмов подготовки нормативно-правового материала, обеспечивающую объективное соответствие формы нормативных предписаний их содержанию и назначению. Несоблюдение правил законодательной техники в процессе законотворчества влечёт за собой неэффективность нормативно-правовых актов и их частую корректи-

* Джалилов Элвис Алимович, проректор по научной и инновационной деятельности ФГБОУ ВО «Поволжский государственный университет сервиса», кандидат юридических наук, доцент. E-mail: elvis.tlt@gmail.com

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ровку, вследствие чего реализация правовых норм становится крайне затруднительной.

Д.А. Керимов полагает, что высокий уровень законодательной техники в виде юридически правильного конструирования законодательных актов приводит к упорядочиванию и систематизации законодательного материала [8, с. 13].

М.А. Соколова справедливо подчёркивает, что «качество нормативного правового акта обусловлено содержанием правотворческой деятельности, в частности, наличием в ней системы процедур, позволяющих предупредить, выявить и устранить дефекты нормативных правовых актов, обеспечив соблюдение требований юридической техники» [12, с. 5].

Законодательная техника состоит из определенных элементов или этапов, последовательное применение которых с учётом этапов разработки и движения законопроекта, позволяет создать эффективно работающий правовой материал. Первый элемент представляет собой оценку права и закона как способов познания общественной жизни, причём с учётом развития общественных отношений в будущем. В рамках этого этапа анализируются явления и процессы, которые станут объектом правового регулирования будущего законопроекта. Вторым этапом законодательной техники является познание, представляющее собой аналитическую оценку нормативной вариативности правомерного поведения в рамках предполагаеморегулируемых отношений, а также оценку возможных последствий отклонения от правомерности поведения. По итогам формируется примерная структура будущего нормативно-правового акта, его связи с другими нормативными актами и оценка эффективности его внедрения в общественные отношения. При этом, в рамках законодательной техники значительное внимание должно уделяться четкости юридических понятий, проработке лексических единиц текста нормативно-правового акта.

Основная часть. Основными проблемами законодательной техники в сфере интеллектуальной собственности является двойственность понятий, возможность неоднозначной трактовки норм права, а также отсутствие отдельных дефиниций в основном нормативно-правовом акте, регулирующим данную сферу – Гражданском кодексе РФ (далее – ГК РФ) и в иных нормативных актах.

Так, неоднократно в научной литературе отмечалось отсутствие понятий «интеллектуальная собственность», «интеллектуальные права» и др. [6, с. 12]. Не менее важной проблемой является неоднозначный подход в научной литературе и в законодательстве к понятиям «форма охраны» и «форма защиты» интеллектуальной собственности.

Отсутствие в ГК РФ, как основном нормативно-правовом акте, регулирующем сферу интеллектуальной собственности, чёткого обозначения видов форм правовой охраны и способов защиты интеллектуальных прав приводит к неоднозначной трактовке указанных понятий в научной литературе и правоприменительной практике. В числе современных российских [1, 4, 7, 15, 16, 17, 10] и зарубежных [18, 19, 20, 21, 22] научных исследований нередко можно встретить смешение данных понятий.

Неоднозначное понимание рассматриваемых понятий связано с различной их трактовкой теоретиками права. Так, Г.Н. Стоякин объединяет данные термины и рассматривает их как «систему правового регулирования общественных отношений, которая предупреждает правонарушение, а в случае их совершения устанавливает ответственность за допущенные правонарушения» [13]. Н.В. Витрук также не разделяет рассматриваемые дефиниции, обозначая: «деятельность, направленная на устране-

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ние препятствий в осуществлении прав и обязанностей, на борьбу с неисполнением обязанностей и злоупотреблением правом, составляет содержание охраны (защиты) прав» [2]. А.В. Стремоухов полагает, что «слова «охрана» и «защита» этимологически близки, а явления равнозначны» [14, с. 24–25].

Сторонников разделения понятий «охраны» и «защиты» среди исследователей права большинство. Так, А.П. Сергеев отмечает, что «понятие «охрана гражданских прав» охватывает совокупность мер реализации прав», в то время как «понятие «защита» предполагает предусмотренные законом меры, направлены на восстановление или защиту гражданских прав и интересов при их нарушении» [11, с. 335].

Э.П. Гаврилов подчеркивает, что понятие «охрана» подразумевает формирование правовой системы, разработку норм для регулирования общественных отношений, в то время как понятие «защита» предполагает применение установленных законом мер, направленных на пресечение нарушений гражданских прав [3, с. 217].

Аналогичной позиции придерживается Е.А. Суханов, полагающий, что понятие «защита» ýже, чем понятие «охрана», так как охватывает лишь часть правовых отношений, связанных с восстановлением оспоренных или нарушенных гражданских прав [5, с. 175].

Следует согласиться с точкой зрения А.П. Сергеева, Е.А. Суханова и Э.П. Гаврилова, которые разделяют рассматриваемые понятия. Теоретические положения гласят, что существуют две функции права – охранительная и регулятивная. Сущность охранительной функции заключается в установлении правовых норм, направленных на регулирование общественных отношений. Так, охрана прав в сфере интеллектуальной собственности направлена на установление правовых норм, регулирующих процесс создания автором и использования правообладателем объектов интеллектуальной собственности. Защита прав на объекты интеллектуальной собственности предполагает применение конкретных мер по восстановлению нарушенных прав на указанные объекты.

В научной литературе сложилось мнение, что введение дефиниций «охрана интеллектуальной собственности» и «защита интеллектуальной собственности» в действующее гражданское законодательство нецелесообразно, поскольку они являются базовыми нормативными понятиями [23, с. 62–65], однако будучи элементами текстов нормативных актов должны обладать однозначной трактовкой.

Структура закона является несущей конструкцией нормативного материала, в котором неотъемлемыми элементами являются юридические связки, например, отсылки к другим нормативно-правовым актам, с помощью которых обеспечиваются системные связи между нормами и нормативными актами или примечания. Однако отсылка к базовым понятиям возможно только при их наличии в тексте како- го-либо нормативно-правового акта.

Правовые нормы, регулирующие сферу интеллектуальной собственности, содержатся в нескольких отраслевых нормативных актах – Гражданском кодексе РФ, Уголовном кодексе РФ, Кодексе об административных правонарушениях РФ, Налоговом кодексе РФ и др. В случае, если предметом регулирования нормативноправового акта выступают отношения, регламентированные разными отраслями права, то следует учитывать теоретические положения всех соответствующих отраслевых юридических наук.

Понятия «охрана» и «защита» содержатся практически во всех отраслевых нормативно-правовых актах, в связи с чем, требуется единство в трактовке данных

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