VIII. Translate the following sentences. Note the words which help you to define whether the word with the suffix -ing is a Verbal Noun, a Gerund or a Participle:

1. Our aim is solving this complex problem. 2. They succeeded in obtaining good results working with this metal. 3. In testing the devices they found some serious faults. 4. The growing importance of automatic equipment in industry attracts world-wide attention. 5. Russian scientists played a great role in the spreading of the metric system in Russia. 6. After graduating from Petersburg University A. S. Popov remained there as a post-graduate at the Physics Department. 7. After Hertz had published his experiments proving the existence of electromagnetic waves, A. S. Popov thought of a possibility of using Hertz waves for transmitting signals over a distance. 8. On March 24, 1896 he demonstrated the transmission and reception of a radiogram consisting of two words: Heinrich Hertz. 9. Using the new method it is possible to increase accuracy and speed of spectral analysis. 10. Thousands of scientists, using the most modern equipment, are studying the atmosphere.

IX. Translate these sentences. Pay attention to the use of the verbals:

1. The unusual state of matter at very low temperatures was called superconductivity and the substances capable of passing to this state at such temperatures – superconductors. 2. Calculations show that exceptionally small-size generators and transformers can be developed having an efficiency of 99.99 per cent. 3. You have evidently been studying hard as your last translation shows great improvement. 4. A few substances containing metallic elements have much less electrical conductivity. 5. There exist two different ways of carrying on such research work. 6. This appliance appears to be of great advantage where small volume of work is being carried out. 7. The main advantage of using gas as a fuel is that it burns with a smokeless flame and burns up with hardly any waste. 8. When building atomic cars it will be necessary to build reactors of small dimensions. 9. The special place occupied by semiconductors in modern physics and engineering and the diversity of possibilities of application is due to the peculiarities of their properties which are not found in any other material. 10. Semiconductors 1) convert alternating current into direct current; 2) amplify high frequency oscillations and generate radio waves, in this way replacing vacuum devices; 3) control current intensity and voltage; 4) protect high voltage transmission lines from overvoltage; 5) solve different problems of automation and remote control; 6) measure room temperature and intensity of illumination; 7) convert heat energy into electric energy without machines; 8) use electric current to produce cold or heat; 9) concentrate electric and magnetic energy; 10) convert sound energy into electric energy and vice versa; 11) transform ultraviolet rays into visible light and the light of one color into that of another; 12) convert the energy of the sun’s rays and of radioactive radiators into electric energy; 13) serve as sources of powerful beams of electrons in radio vacuum electron devices; 14) amplify weak beams of electrons millions of times; 15) serve as counters of nuclear particles. 11. The installation for making sea water suitable for drinking requires no special maintenance and can be used on any vessel. 12. It is the action of the grid in an electronic tube that enables it to act as an amplifier of small voltages and currents. 13. The main purpose of radio frequency amplifier is to increase signal strength at radio frequency as much as possible and provide maximum selectivity. 14. The atmospheric humidity is the most important factor influencing electro-technical equipment and in particular telecommunication equipment.

14.Subjunctive Mood Conditional Sentences. Modals + Perfect Infinitives.

1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the verbs in the Subjunctive Mood:

1. Without radio we would hardly be able to observe artificial satellites and receive scientific information from space.

2. The solution of the problem requires that all the experimental data obtained be exact.

3. It is required that all measurements be done beforehand.

4. It is necessary that these data should be processed as soon as possible.

5. It is important that engineers should develop automatic control systems.

6. Atomic energy finds such wide and varied application in our life that our age might be called the age of atom.

7. It is important that safety measures be taken while working with the electric equipment.

8. It is desirable that the engine should combine high efficiency and lightness.

9. We suggested that his project be discussed in detail.

10. It is essential that he should inform us about the results of his research.

2. Translate the sentences. Mind the means of expressing the Subjunctive Mood:

1. Provided all of the requirements were met, the efficiency of the apparatus would be increased.

2. Without the new instrument this experiment would not have been successful.

3. If you classified the data fewer tests would be needed.

4. If you had known about semiconductors more, you would have understood the arrangement of this device.

5. You could have done this work better.

6. You might have asked me about the work of this machine before putting it into operation.

7. They suggest that he should begin the test immediately.

8. It is required that those devices be used in this case.

9. Had he informed me in time I would have sent this device.

10. Without proper care and maintenance this equipment wouldn’t operate so well.

11. If the machine were repaired, it would be set in motion immediately.

12. If he had been able to get all the books on that subject, his report would have been much better.

13. Had you taken all the safety measures the machine would not have been broken.