XIV. Choose the sentences with the Absolute Participial Clause from the ones given below. Translate them:

1. Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details.

2. The temperature of a conductor being raised, the motion of the electrons in the conductor increases.

3. Special instruments measuring cosmic radio signals are being installed in the observatory.

4. Transistors are very sensitive to light, some of them reacting even to star-light.

5. The first man-made satellite having been sent up, it became possible to investigate various types of radiation.

6. Obtaining new data engineers can improve their knowledge.

7. The re­sistance being very large, the current in the circuit was small.

8. When improving the design the constructor made many calculations.

9. A great variety of substances are semi-conductors, germanium and silicon being the most important of them.

10. A series of attempts having been made, Lodygin came to a successful solution of the problem.

XV. Translate the sentences with participle clauses:

1. It is well known that a solid body emits light when heated to a high enough temperature.

2. An Earth satellite, if launched into an orbit sufficiently dis­tant from the Earth's surface, can circulate for months or even years.

3. Isaac Newton, while studying the gravitational effects of the Earth on objects near its surface, noticed that objects thrown horizontally followed curved paths as they fell to the ground.

4. The forces holding the individual atoms together as a unit are much greater than those which are acting when combining with other atoms.

5. Superconductivity is the name given to the phenomenon, shown by some conductors of electricity, which lose all electrical resis­tance when cooled below a certain temperature.

6. These effects are much less marked if observed with Geiger instead of neutron counter.

7. According to Newton's first law of motion an object remains at rest or in a straight-line motion unless acted upon by some external force.

8. When releasing the nuclear energy in a gram of helium it is possible to produce 190,000 kilowatt-hours of electric energy.

9. When comparing elements one notices the outstanding stabi­lity of some electronic structures.

10. Thermionic emission is the name given to that branch of physics which deals with the emission of electrons or ions from metals or non-metals, when heated.

11. Einstein, when proposing the theory of light quanta in 1905, did not state that it represents an absolute truth.

12. One short pulse of light, emitted as a parallel beam, when focused by a lens, carries sufficiently concentrated energy.

13. It is of great importance when working with any optical instrument to know its resolving power.

14. Later, when dealing with alternating electric currents which can be defined as a form of wave motion, we will be meeting the word "phase".

15. The fact that long-lived radioisotopes continually emit energy leads to the interesting possibility of developing an energy source that can operate for long periods when completely isolated.

XVI. Translate the sentences with the Nominative Absolute Participle Clause:

1. The Earth's orbit being an ellipse (not a circle), the distance between the Earth and the Sun constantly changes as the Earth revolves around the Sun.

2. The 100-inch telescope can photograph about 100 million stel­lar systems, each containing many thousands of million stars.

3. The components of the velocity of a body moving in the air being known, the resultant velocity may be found.

4. The Earth is not a perfect sphere, but a little flattened at the poles, the polar diameter being 26 miles less than equatorial.

5. The distance between Jupiter and the Earth varies because of the different orbital periods of these two bodies, the difference between the maximum and minimum distances being the diameter of the Earth's orbit.

6. The pressure being known at some point in the flow of air, the pressure at another point on the same streamline may be calculated by Bernoulli's law.

7. Most elements have stable atoms, but some like radium or uranium undergo radioactive decay and change into other elem­ents, the change being accomplished by a release of energy.

8. After the first nuclear disintegration experiments in 1919 similar experiments took place during the next decade, natural radioactive materials being used as a source of energetic particles.

9. The heat being proportional to the square of the current, the rise in temperature in a hot-wire instrument is also proportional to the square of current.

10. A magnetic field surrounds a current-carrying wire, its strength decreasing as the distance from the wire surface increa­ses.

11. It has been calculated that about 24 million visible meteors reach the Earth's atmosphere every 24 hours, their total weight amounting to about 5 tons per day.

12. Stars differ tremendously in size, the largest ones being several times the size of the Sun and the smallest star being about the size of the Moon.

13. The 101 elements that were discovered or predicted up to 1956 have atomic numbers from 1 to 101, all gaps between these numbers having been filled by now.

14. During the period 1925—1935 many nuclear transformations were produced using as bombarding particles protons, alpha particles, or gamma-rays, these usually being obtained from the particle-accelerating machines, primarily the cyclotron.

XVII Translate the sentences paying attention to participle clauses, containing the preposition “with”:

1. The nucleus of an ordinary hydrogen atom consists of one proton, with one electron moving round it.

2. With to-day's rockets having as many as 10,000 separate components, miniaturization of components is an important phase of development.

3. A cylinder of a gasoline engine is like a gun, with the piston taking the place of a bullet.

4. The power of the solar radiation emission was very variable, with emission occurring sometimes for several days.

5. When sufficient altitude is reached the vertical take-off air­plane levels off and flies as an ordinary airplane with the wing providing supporting lift.

6. With magnesium already being used greatly, the three mate­rials: titanium, zirconium and magnesium have greatly reduced the weight of the aircraft.

7. Over 100 different isotopes of more than 20 different elem­ents have been detected among fission products of uranium. All of these atoms are, however, in the middle of the periodic table, with atomic numbers ranging from 34 to 58.

XVIII. Translate the sentences paying attention to the participle clauses with “as”:

1. As noted above, in order to lose its entire energy a 5-MeV particle must have about 10⁵ collisions.

2. As shown in Fig. 91, beta particles are stopped by less than 1 inch of solid material.

3. As explained on page 681, in the following chapter we include the study of the ionosphere.

4. The location of the detectors is as indicated in Fig. 50.

5. The Sun is the best known and most carefully studied star, and its energy production as calculated from nuclear reactions can be compared with well-known astrophysical data.

6. The principle of action equals reaction as offered by Newton is known to be widely used in electrical calculations.

7. The theoretical significance of the wave theory of matter as applied to electronics will be discussed later.

8. As a result of detailed studies of the orbits of a number of satellites as determined from radio and optical observations, it is now known that the temperature above 200 km varies over the so­lar cycle.

9. Discussing the properties of the upper atmosphere as derived from the use of ground-based equipment we have noted a number of important aspects which cannot be investigated without space vehicles.

10. The reader may be familiar with vectors as met in physics.

11. The electromagnetic theory (Maxwell, 1862) describes light as consisting of electromagnetic waves propagating through space, as sound waves propagate through air.

12. The first evidence of the structure of electricity as consisting of smallest charges, the electrons, was derived from the laws of electrolysis.

13. In 1908 scientists (following the original suggestion of Balfour Stewart) attempted to develop a detailed theory of the quiet variations as arising from upper atmospheric current flow.

XIX. Translate the sentences paying attention to the structure ''participle + infinitive''

Example: The ionization expected to exist...

Іонізація, яка, як важають, існує...

A.

1. The rocket is the only power plant Known to be independent of the atmosphere.

2. The G-layer is an ionized layer thought to exist at a height of 300—400 miles in the Earth's atmosphere.

3. The diameter of Saturn supposed to be 75,100 miles through the equatorial region is about 9 1/2 times the Earth's diameter.

4. On June 30, 1908 a meteorite estimated to have weighed 40,000 tons fell in Siberia.

5. The pilot is given regular information on the weather likely to be met in flight.

6. The atomic rocket is a power plant appearing to find great application in future.

7. Electric charge of a body is made evident by the attractive or repulsive force found to exist between charged bodies.

B.

1. The physical and chemical characteristics of the planetary atmosphere strongly influence entry characteristics.

2. To gain an appreciation of the gas dynamic forces and heating involved, knowledge of the density variation in the atmosphere is sufficient.

3. The atmosphere of Venus, estimated to consist of about 10 per cent nitrogen and 90 per cent carbon dioxide, is somewhat more dense than the Earth’s atmosphere, but varies in a similar way with altitude.

4. The atmosphere of Mars estimated to contain about 95 per cent nitrogen and 5 per cent carbon dioxide, is appreciably less dense than the Earth’s atmosphere at surface level, but drops off much more gradually with increasing altitude and is actually more dense at high altitudes.

5. The more gradual density variation on the Martian atmosphere makes it “softer”, so that it would involve a comparatively less severe