XX. Translate the sentences paying attention to the participles and participle clauses:

1. In fact the Sun is a variable star, its variation following an 11-year cycle.

2. The laboratory study of plasma had been started long before 1929, many important discoveries in the field of gas dis­charge phenomena having been made in the 1800's.

3. Whereas solar infra-red radiation can be observed from a high-flying balloon as explained earlier, most ultraviolet and all X-radiation is absorbed far above the balloon ceiling.

4. Since the nuclear rocket is capable of producing greater thrust per pound of propellant, it can produce thrust equal to that of the chemical rocket while using less propellant.

5. With the maximum cycle temperature being limited by the source, the designer must determine how close he wishes to bring the boiling temperature to that maximum condition.

6. In atomic and nuclear processes energies are usually expressed in terms of electron volts, 1 electron volt being the energy gained by 1 electron being acted on by a voltage of 1 volt.

7. Observations made using artificial sodium glows are of great interest to the investigation of atmospheric structure.

8. The ions thus formed will be accelerated in the direction towards the cathode.

9. Ohm supposed that wires presented a certain "resistance" to the passage of current, long or thin wires presenting more resis­tance than short or thick ones. The smaller the resistance, the greater the current.

10. When used in a space vehicle in which the orientation re­lative to the solar vector changes, the efficiency curve will change with aspect.

11. Using the value of the solar constant, it is found that the Sun is sending out energy at the rate of 9 hp per square centi­metre of surface.

12. Having an equatorial diameter of 74,000 mi, Saturn is sur­rounded by great rings lying in the plane of its equator.

13. A man pulled by the Earth with a force of 160 Ib is said to weigh 160 Ib.

14. Interplanetary spacecraft using nuclear propulsion are expected to be reduced in weight in comparison with nuclear rockets.

15. The word plasma was first used to denote a gas in which an important fraction of the molecules are dissociated into ions and electrons, the gas as a whole remaining electrically neutral.

16. Newton believed that the acceleration of the Moon in its orbit differed in no essential respect from the acceleration of parti­cles acted on by the Earth's gravities.

17. The electromagnetic wave theory of radiation, based on the work of Maxwell and Hertz, was so successful that we must try to apply it to the spectrum just described.

18. Radiation goes through space and when absorbed, it agitates the molecules of the absorbing material so that it is converted into heat energy.

19. The reader is familiar with the great technical importance of electron emission, as applied in radio tubes.

20. Molecules and atoms are in a continual state of motion, with an average velocity depending on the temperature.

21. Having seen how the electrons in the ionosphere are pro­duced by solar radiation, let us ask how the different layers affect the travel of radio waves in the different frequency ranges.

22. This radiation, being little absorbed, penetrates to the D-region and there joins with the X-rays in providing ionization.

23. The alkali atoms have the lowest energies of ionization, indicating that their electronic structures change to a rare-gas structure.

24. The emissive type of the photoelectric cell as used in telegraph and television systems is similar in appearance to the ordinary thermoionic valve.

25. A screen material of a different category from those so far discussed is white crystalline potassium chloride: this substance darkens when bombarded with electrons.

26. Launched on Friday afternoon, Mars 3 like its predecessor Mars 2, weighs just under five tons and is said to be on the same trajectory around the Sun.

27. As seen through the telescope, Mars presents a rather smooth surface.

28. Having challenged the established notion of a fixed Earth, Copernicus put the Sun, instead of the Earth, at the centre of the solar system.

29. A particular flight considered to be representative of early manned missions has been selected as the basis of this study.

30. With 40,000 or more computers being used now, it is obvi­ous that it is necessary to assess their strengths and weaknesses to help make decisions about their use.

13. Gerund. Gerund Clause. Ing – forms.

I. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the form and function of the gerund.

1. The machine is also used for solving problems connected with movements of stars and planets.

2. After selecting a number of possible sites for a factory, data about those sites is fed into a computer.

3. By pushing the proper buttons on the control panel of robot secretary, these lines and photographs are automatically put together and typed out.

4. Low electric conductivity of rubber resulted in its being used in cables.

5. Measurement is generally made by inserting the transducer in the circuit or simply by measuring the difference in current flow with ammeter.

6. Its heating is realized by the passage of current through the cathode.

7. This device serves as a basis for many instruments for counting, rejecting imperfect pieces and controlling.

8. It will be better, after having made the check, to connect the ammeter in the leads from the transformer to which the wattmeter is not directly connected.

II. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of - ing -forms.

1. This is only the beginning.

2. Simple controllers, which measure and control only one variable, are giving way to complex controllers which control many variables, compute and govern the total plant performance.

3. The reading on the scale shows the measured value.

4. When current is passing through a resistor its temperature rises high.

5. A capacitor stops operating and does not store energy in case it has a trouble.

6. Insulators are to isolate conducting wires and thus to prevent a short between them.

7. When using a cable primary, the permanent primary windings must be isolated and open circuited.

8. An ohmmeter is an instrument for measuring the resistance of an electrical circuit.

9. By using resistances of various values in series with a moving – coil indicator, voltages within a number of ranges corresponding to these resistances can be measured.

10. Different values of the current can be obtained by using lamps of different rating.

11. The testing voltage can be varied continuously from zero to the full value of the supply voltage.

12. The foregoing method of testing will only check ammeters at scale points corresponding to the load currents, which are flowing.

13. This reading gives the power loss in the wattmeter voltage coil and when measuring the power this reading is subtracted from the observed reading to obtain true power.

14. This method gives children an understanding of how the basic components of a computer work.

15. Writing programs in this way is a valuable discipline, but it does not teach a child anything about the computer itself.

16. Any electric arc that may be formed here at opening or closing the circuit is between the 2 replaceable contacts.

17. When starting the very small d. c. motors, it is not desirable to apply the full voltage while the armature or rotor is stationary.

III. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the function of the Gerund:

1. Large-scale application of electronic technique is a trend of technical progress capable of revolutionizing many branches of industry. 2. Physicists have developed a method for using optical quantum generators for spectral analysis. 3. When atoms or molecules are excited they emit electromagnetic waves. By counting the number of waves in a certain period, a very accurate measure of time can be defined. 4. The operating speeds of these systems will be measured in nano-seconds. 5. Telemetry is the science of seeing some place without being there. 6. Electronics is not so much a new subject as a new way of looking at electricity. 7. We know of Kondakov’s having made the first synthetic rubber in the world. 8. Physicists saw in semiconductors the way of solving complicated engineering problems. 9. These scientists continue working in this promising field of knowledge. 10. We know of Yoffe’s having contributed much to the research of transistors.

IV. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Gerund Clause:

1. I’ve heard of their experiment being successfully completed in the nearest future. 2. We were told about their having studied a number of problems connected with the development of computing machinery. 3. Mankind is interested in atomic energy being used only for peaceful purposes. 4. Benjamin Franklin’s having invented the first lightning conductor is a well established fact. 5. We all know of their designing a new type of computer. 6. He mentioned his having shown these slides at the conference. 7. Your having worked at the plant helped you to master technical subjects. 8. Kurchatov’s having devoted all his life to nuclear physics is known to everybody. 9. I know of their being shown the new device. 10. We remembered his having mentioned the works of this scientist. 11. We know of the Curies’ having discovered some new radioactive elements. 12. We know of Rutherford’s having investigated the nature of alpha-particles. 13. We insisted on the experiment being repeated. 14. There was no hope of their solving this complex engineering problem so soon.

15. The molecules of a polar substance because of their being reactive combine with one another.

16. Combustion may be incomplete owing to insufficient oxygen being present.

17. Thomson investigated the possibility of these cathode rays being charged particles.

18. Einstein’s being awarded the Nobel prize in physics soon became widely known.

19. The small physical size of the crystal in relationship to its input capacitance results in the resonant frequency of the input system being higher than when the tube is employed.

20. The regular array of atoms in the lattice results in there being certain sets of parallel and equally spaced planes in the crystal which will contain large numbers of atoms.

21. To a large extent the skilled analyst’s productivity may be attributed to his having acquired through many repetitions, the necessary technique.

22. The inability of phosphorus atoms because of their large radius, to establish triple bonds among themselves results in the phosphorus molecule having a very different structure from the nitrogen molecule.

V. Define the function of the Gerund in the following sentences and translate them:

1. A laser is a machine for making and concentrating light waves into a very intense beam. 2. Go on making the experiment. 3. The idea of using lasers came from A. Prokhorov and N. Basov. 4. The laser beam is made by exciting the atoms of a suitable material. 5. Measuring temperature is necessary in many experiments. 6. There can be no progress in science without experimenting. 7. Solving such problems helps us greatly. 8. Their wish is mastering the fundamentals of radio-engineering. 9. The melting point of aluminium is 657ºC. 10. They succeeded in obtaining these data.

VI. Choose the sentences with the Gerund from the ones given below and translate them:

1. Special instruments measuring cosmic radio signals are being installed in the observatory. 2. Penetrating into space was very important for mankind. 3. Applying the method we get better results. 4. Upon adding heat we can change the state of a substance. 5. When measuring the voltage we use a voltmeter. 6. A number of materials, including some gases and semiconductors, possess this property. 7. For many centuries men were interested in obtaining new sources of energy. 8. The engineer insisted on experimenting as the best method to solve this problem. 9. The importance of scientific researches and discoveries is growing with every year.

VII. State the form and function of the verb ending in -ing. Translate the sentences:

1. Flying into cosmos has been man’s age-old dream. 2. Launching the first spaceship into outer space was one of the greatest victories of man over nature. 3. Launching artificial satellites we obtain the information about the Sun’s radiation, about other planets, etc. 4. As one knows, the idea of creating a multistage rocket belongs to Tsiolkovsky. 5. Having made a great number of calculations Tsiolkovsky noted that it would be the rocket which would be able to reach outer space. 6. On April 12, 1961, the whole world learned of Y. Gagarin’s having accomplished successfully the first cosmic flight. 7. We learned of the spaceship having been launched from Baikanur cosmodrome. 8. After being in flight for 108 minutes the spaceship landed on the territory of the Saratov region. 9. H. Titov having made more than 17 revolutions around the Earth, his spaceship Vostok 2 landed some 500 miles south-east of Moscow. 10. H. Titov travelled a distance about 435,000 miles revolving round the Earth for 25 hours and 18 minutes, the average speed being 17,750 miles per hour. 11. One of the tasks of these space flights and those that followed them was proving that the condition of weightlessness did not prevent man from working, thinking, eating and sleeping. The cosmonauts successfully fulfilled their programmes, a great many observations being made during these flights.