Lecture 9 exercise 9

Read the sentences in English. Cover the left side of the page, translate the sentences into English and write them down.

The number of new words in a language is always larger than the number of words which come out of active usage.	Число нових слів у мові завжди більше, ніж число слів, що вийшли з активного вживання.
Archaisms remain in the language, but they are used as stylistic devices to express solemnity.	Архаїзми залишаються в мові, але вони використовуються як стилістичні прийоми, щоб виразити святковість.
When the thing is no longer used, its name becomes a historism.	Коли предмет більше не використовується, його назва стає історизмом.
New words, as a rule, appear in speech of an individual person who wants to express his idea in some original way.	Нові слова, зазвичай, з’являються в мовленні окремої особистості, яка хоче виразити свою ідею якимсь оригінальним способом.
Neologisms can be classified according to the ways they are formed	Неологізми можуть бути класифіковані відповідно до способів, за допомогою яких вони утворюються.
Syntactical neologisms are divided into morphological and phraseological.	Синтаксичні неологізми розподіляються на морфологічні та фразеологічні.
Phonological neologisms are formed by combining unique combinations of sounds.	Фонологічні неологізми утворюються комбінуванням унікальних сполучень звуків.
Morphological and phraseological neologisms are usually built on patterns existing in the language.	Морфологічні і фразеологічні неологізми зазвичай будуються за шаблонами, що існують у мові.

Lecture 9 classification of language units according to the period of time they live in the language

Words can be classified according to the period of their life in the language. The number of new words in a language is always larger than the number of words which come out of active usage. Accordingly we can have archaisms, that is words which have come out of active usage, and neologisms, that is words which have recently appealed in the language.

Archaisms and historisms

Archaisms are words which are no longer used in everyday speech, which have been ousted by their synonyms. Archaisms remain in the language, but they are used as stylistic devices to express solemnity.

Most of these words are lexical archaisms and they are stylistic synonyms of words which ousted them from the neutral style.

Some of them are: steed (horse), slay(kill), behold (see),perchance (perhaps), woe (sorrow), betwixt (between) etc. These lexical archaisms belong to the poetic style.

Sometimes a lexical archaism begins a new life, getting a new meaning, then the old meaning becomes a semantic archaism, e.g. fair in the meaning beautiful is a semantic archaism, but in the meaning blond it belongs to the neutral style.

Sometimes the roof of the word remains and the affix is changed, then the old affix is considered to be a morphemic archaism, e.g. beautious (-ous was substituted by - ful), bepaint (be- was dropped), darksome (–some wsa dropped), ofe( -en was added) etc.

When the causes of the word’s disappearance are extra-linguistic, e.g. when the thing is no longer used, its name becomes a historism. Historisms are very numerous as names for social relations, institutions, objects of material culture of the past. The names of ancient transport means, such as types of boats, or types of carriages, ancient clothes, weapons, musical instruments can offer good examples. Here belong such transport means as brougham, berlin, fly, gig, hansom, phaeton etc, also such vehicles as prairie schooner (a canvas-covered wagon used by pioneers crossing the North American prairies), also such boats as caravel, galleon etc. Historisms also include such weapons as breastplate, croosbow, arrow, vizor etc.