- •New words
- •Lecture 1 exercise 1
- •Lecture 1 lexicology
- •Lecture 2 new words
- •Lecture 2 exercise 2
- •Lecture 2 formal and informal speech
- •Informal Style
- •Colloquial words
- •Dialect words
- •Lecture 3 new words
- •Lecture 3 exercise 3
- •Lecture 3 the origin of english words native words
- •Borrowings
- •Classification of borrowings according to the language from which they were borrowed. Romanic borrowings. Latin borrowings
- •French borrowings the influence of french on the english spelling
- •Italian borrowings
- •Germanic borrowings
- •Scandinavian borrowings
- •German borrowings
- •Dutch borrowings
- •Slavonic borrowings
- •Etymological doublets
- •International words
- •Lecture 4 new words
- •Lecture 4 exercise 4
- •Lecture 4 abbreviations
- •Graphical abbreviations
- •Initial abbreviations
- •Abbreviation of words
- •Lecture 5 new words
- •Lecture 5 exercise 5
- •Prefixation
- •Topics for discussion
- •Lecture 6 new words
- •Lecture 6 exercise 6
- •Lecture 6 semasiology
- •Word-meaning
- •Lexical meaning – notion
- •Polysemy
- •Types of semantic components
- •Topics for discussion
- •Lecture 7 new words
- •Lecture 7 exercise 7
- •Lecture 7 homonyms
- •Classification of homonyms
- •Synonyms
- •Antonyms
- •Topics for discussion
- •Lecture 8 new words
- •Lecture 8 exercise 8
- •Lecture 8 british and american english
- •Differences in spelling
- •Differences in pronunciation
- •Topics for discussion
- •Lecture 9 new words
- •Lecture 9 exercise 9
- •Lecture 9 classification of language units according to the period of time they live in the language
- •Archaisms and historisms
- •Neologisms
- •Semantic groups of neologisms
- •Ways of forming neologisms
- •Changes in pronunciation
- •Topics for discussion
- •Lecture 10 new words
- •Lecture 10
- •Lecture 10 phraseology
- •Ways of forming phraseological units
- •Semantic classification of phraseological units
- •Structural classification of phraseological units
- •Exercise 2
- •Borrowed words exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Abbreviations exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Affixation. Prefixation and suffixation exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Polisemy exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6 Fill in the blanks with the right words and explain your choice:
- •1.There were a lot of skaters on the … ice of the bank. 2. The lightning … and
- •Exercise 8
- •Neologisms exercise 1
- •Phraseology exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Sources
- •Dictionaries
- •Contents
- •Borrowed words
- •Spanish words
Antonyms
Antonyms are words belonging to the same of speech, identical in style, expressing contrary or contradictory notions.
V. N. Comissarov in his dictionary of antonyms classified them into two groups: absolute or root antonyms (late, early) and derivational antonyms (to please – to displease, honest – to dishonest, professional – non-professional). Absolute antonyms have different roots and derivational antonyms have the same roots but different affixes. In most cases negative prefixes form antonyms (un-, dis-, non-). Sometimes they are formed by means of antonymous suffixes –ful, and –less (painful - painless).
The number of antonyms with the suffixes –ful and less- is not very large, and sometimes even if we have a word with one of these suffixes its antonym is formed not by substituting –full by –less, e.g. successful – unsuccessful (the antonym of the adjective with the suffix –less is formed with the help of the suffix -ish). The same is true about antonyms with the negative prefixes, e.g. to man is not an antonym of the word to unman, to disappoint is not an antonym of the word to appoint.
The difference between derivational and root antonyms is not only in their structure, but in semantics as well. Derivational antonyms express contradictory notions. If some notions can be arranged in a group of more than two members, the most distant members of the group will be absolute antonyms, e.g. ugly, plain, good-looking, pretty, beautiful, the antonyms are ugly and beautiful.
Not every word in a language can have antonyms. This type of opposition can be met in qualitative adjectives and their derivatives, e.g. beautiful – ugly, to beautifty – to uglify, beauty – ugliness. It can be also met in words denoting feelings and states, e.g. respect –scorn, to respect – to scorn, respectful – scornful, to live – to die, alive – dead, life – death. It can be also met among words denoting direction in space and time, e.g. here – there, up – down, now – never, before – after, day – night, early – late etc.
If a word is polysemantic, it can have several antonyms, e.g. the word bright has the antonyms dim, dull, sad.
Topics for discussion
1. Speak about homonyms.
2. Give the classification of homonyms.
3. Speak about synonyms and groups of them.
4. Speak about antonyms.
Lecture 8 new words
Read the words with their translations and write them down into your vocabulary. Pay attention to the spelling of difficult words.
1) reign |
[reIn] |
Царювання |
2) a settler |
['setlq] |
Поселенець |
3) to require |
[rI'kwaIq] |
наказувати, вимагати |
4) a proposal |
[prq'pqVz(q)l] |
Пропозиція |
5) deletion |
[dI'lJS(q)n] |
викреслювання, стирання |
6) articulation |
[R"tIkjV'leIS(q)n] |
(фон.) артикуляція |
7) vowel |
['vaV(q)l] |
голосний звук |
8) fricative |
['frIkqtIv] |
(фон.) фрикативний звук |
9) consonant |
['kPns(q)nqnt] |
(фон.) приголосний звук |
10) to prevent |
[prI'vent] |
попереджувати, перешкоджати |
11) a proof |
[prHf] |
Доказ |
12) a barrister |
['bxrIstq] |
адвокат, баристер |
13) replacement |
[rI'pleIsmqnt] |
заміщення, заміна |
14) to publish |
['pAblIS] |
публікувати, видавати |