Lecture 5 new words

Read the words with their translations and write them down onto your vocabulary. Pay attention to the spelling of difficult words.

1) wordbuilding	[wE:d'bIldIN]	словотворення
2) affixation	["xfIk'seIS(q)n]	афіксація
3) interchange	['IntqCeInG]	чергування, зміна
4) formation	[fO:'meIS(q)n]	утворення, побудова
5) affix	['xfIks]	афікс
6) a stem	[stem]	(грам.) основа
7) suffix	['sAfIks]	суфікс
8) prefix	['prJfIks]	префікс, приставка
9) adjective	['xGIktIv]	прикметник
10) adverb	['xdvE:b]	прислівник
11) collectivity	["kPlek'tIvItI]	спільність
12) diminutive	[dI'mInjqtIv]	(грам.) зменшувальний, демінутивний
13) feminine gender	['femInIn]	(грам.) жіночий рід
14) abstract notion	['xbstrxkt]	абстрактне поняття
15) derogatory	[dI'rPgqt(q)rI]	той, що віднімає, порушує
16) a pattern	['pxtqn]	зразок, модель, шаблон
17) a compound	['kPmpaVnd]	(лінгв.) складне слово
18) a device	[dI'vaIs]	спосіб, метод
19) disputable	[dIs'pjHtqbl]	спірний, сумнівний
20) bound	[baVnd]	(лінгв.) невільний, зв’язаний
21) recent	['rJsnt]	останній, найновіший, сучасний
22) clear-cut	["klIq'kAt]	чіткий, зрозумілий
23) a repetition	["repI'tIS(q)n]	повторюваність, багатократність

Lecture 5 exercise 5

Read the sentences in English. Cover the left side of the page, translate the sentences into English.

Wordbuilding is one of the main ways of enriching the vocabulary.	Словотворення – це один з головних способів збагачення лексичного запасу.
There are four main ways of wordbuilding in English: affixation, composition, conversion, abbreviation.	Існує чотири головних способи словотворення: афіксація, словоскладання, конверсія, скорочення.
Affixation consists in adding an affix to the stem of a definite part of speech.	Афіксація складається з додавання афікса до основи певної частини мовлення.
The main function of suffixes in Modern English is to form one part of speech from another.	Головна функція суфіксів у сучасній англійській мові – утворювати одну частину мовлення з іншої.
Suffixes can be polysemantic and they can form nouns.	Суфікси можуть бути багатозначними й можуть утворювати іменники.
Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem.	Префіксація – це утворення слів способом додавання префікса (приставки) до основи.
In English prefixation is characteristic for forming verbs.	В англійській мові префіксація характеризується утворенням дієслів.
The main function of prefixes in English is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech.	Головна функція префіксів в англійській мові – змінити лексичне значення однієї й тієї самої частини мовлення.
The prefixes of Romanic and Greek origin are used to form adjectives with a very clear-cut lexical meaning.	Префікси романського та грецького походження використовуються для утворення прикметників з дуже чітким лексичним значенням.

LECTURE 5

WORDBUILDING

Wordbuilding is one of the main ways of enriching vocabulary. There are four main ways of worldbuilding in Modern English: affixation, composition, conversion, abbreviation. There are also secondary ways of wordbuilding: sound interchange, stress interchange, sound imitation, blends, back formation (dissafixation).

AFFIXATION

Affixation has been one of the most productive ways of wordbuilding throughout the history of English. It consists of an affix to the stem of a definite part of speech. Affixation is divided into suffixation and prefixation.

SUFFIXATION

The main function of suffixes in Modern English is to form one part of speech from another, the secondary function is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech, (e.g. educate is a verb, educatee is a noun, and music is a noun, musicdom is also a noun).

There are different classifications of suffixes:

1. Part-of speech classification. Suffixes which can form different parts of speech are given here:

1. noun-forming suffixes, such as: -er (criticizer), -dom (officialdom), -ism (ageism);

2. adjective-forming suffixes, such as: -able (breathable), -less (symptomless), -ous (prestigious);

3. verb-forming suffixes, such as: – ize (computerize), -ify (identify), -en (shorten);

4. adverb- forming suffixes, such as: ly (singly), -ward (backward, -wise (jet-wise);

5. numeral-forming suffixes, such as: -teen (sixteen), -ty (seventy);

2. Semantic classification. Suffixes changing the lexical meaning of the stem can be subdivided into groups, e.g. noun-forming suffixes can denote:

1. the agent of the action, e.g. -er (experimenter), -ist (taxist), -ent (student);

2. nationality, e.g. -ian (Russian), -ese (Japanese), -ish (English);

3. collectivity, e.g. -dom (moviedom), -ry (peasantry), -ship (readership), -ati (literati);

4. diminutiveness, e.g. -ie (horsie), -let (booklet), -ling (gooseling), -ette (kitchenette), -y (hanky), -ock (hillock);

5. quality, e.g. –ess (copelessness), -ity (answerability);

6. absract notion, e.g. -hood (childhood), -ness (politeness), _ence/ance (tolerance);

7. derogatory meaning, e.g. -ard, (drunkard), -ster, (ganster), -ling (underling);

3. Lexico-grammatical character of the stem. Suffixes which can be added to certain groups of stems are subdivided into:

1. suffixes added to verbal stems, such as: -er (commuter), -ing (suffering), -able (flyable), -ment (involvement), -ation (computerization);

2. suffixes added to noun stems, such as: -less (smogless), -ful, (roomful), -ism (adventurism), -ster (pollster), -nik (filmnik), -ish (childish); -

3. suffixes added to adjective stems, such as: -en (weaken), -ly (pinkly), -ish (longish), -ness (clannishness).

4. Origin of suffixes. Here we can point out the following groups:

1. native (Germanic), such as: -er (teacher, -ful (careful), -less (painless), -ly (swiftly), -dom (kingdom), - ed (talented), -en (soften), -hood (childhood), -ing (building), -ish (childish), -ness (kindness), -ship (friendship), -teen (sixteen), -ty (seventy), -ward (homeward);

2. Romanic, such as: -tion (attention), -ment (development), -able/ible (terrible, moveable), -eer (mountaneer), -ant/ent (student, pleasant), -age (carriage), -ard (drunkard), -ance/ence (attendance, absence), -ate (dictate), -sy (flimsy);

3. Greek, such as: ist (taxist), -ism (capitalism), -ize (organize);

4. Russian, such as: -nik (filmnik).

The term borrowed affixes is not very exact as affixes are never borrowed as such, but only as parts of borrowed words. To enter the morphological system of the English language a borrowed affix has to satisfy certain conditions. The borrowing of an affix is possible only if the number of words containing this affix is considerable, if its meaning and function are definite and clear enough, and also if its structural pattern corresponds to the structural patterns already existing in the language.

5. Productivity. Here we can point out the following groups:

1. productive, such as: -er (dancer), -ize (specialize), -ly (wetly), -ness(closeness);

2. Semi-productive, such as: -eer, (profiteer), -ette (kitchenette), -ward (skyward);

3. non-productive, such as:-ard (drunkard), -th (length);

6. Structure. Here we can point out:

1. simple, such as:-er (speaker), -ist (taxist);

2. compound, such as: -ical (ironical), -ation (formation),-manship (sportsmanship), -ably/ibly (terribly, reasonably)..

Suffixes can be polysemantic, e.g. -er can form nouns with the following meanings: agent, doer of the action expressed by the stem (speaker), profession, occupation (teacher), a device, a tool (transmitter).

There are also disputable cases whether we have a suffix or a root morpheme in the structure of a word. In such cases we called such morphemes semi-affixes, and words with such affixes can be classified either as affixed words or as compound words, e.g. -gate (Irangate), -burger (cheeseburger), -aholic (workaholic), -man (postman) etc.