2. Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short essay: “Political arrangement of Mongolian state”.

3. Home tasks: Find information about division of Kazakhstan territory by Mongols and prepare a map.

4. List of the reference on the theme

1. Асфендияров С.Д. История Казахстана (с древних времен): Уч. Пособие. / Под ред. А. С. Такенова. – Алма-Ата, 1993. – 2-е изд.

 Lecture 8: Disintegration of the Golden Horde and Foundation of new states on the territory of Kazakhstan – Mogolistan

The objective of the lecture: To show the reasons of disintegration of the Golden Horde. Ulus of Shagatai. Foundation of Mogolistan.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Foundation of Mogolistan.

2. Political history of Mogolistan.

     Mogolistan. In the middle of XIV c. State of Shagataids disintegrated: on the western part was founded Mavrenakhr, on the eastern part Mogolistan. Mogolistan on the east bordered with lands of Kalmyks, on the north bordered Lake Balkhash, on the west with Turkestan and Tashkent, on the south with Fergana, Kashgar, Aksu and Turfan. So, Mogolistan occupied the territory of south-eastern Kazakhstan and northern Kyrgyzstan.

    Borders of Mogolistan changed during 150 years of existing of Mogolistan. In the ruling of Togluk-Timur, it was a territory of south-eastern Kazakhstan and Eastern Turkestan was a vassal of Mogolistan. Later Eastern Turkestan was occupied by Timurides. In 80-s of XV c. Mogul khans conquered Tashkent and Sairam, but lost Zhetisu. In the beg. of XVI c. Mogul khan Said sultan occupied only the territory of Kashgaria.

    What does the term “Mogolistan” mean? Term “Mongol” was written and pronounced in Turkic and Iranian sources as “mogol”.

    Mogolistan was inhabited by dulats, kangles, kereits, uisuns, argyns and others. Dulats played the main role in political life of Mogolistan. The main part of these tribes, who occupied the territory of Zhetisu, participated in the forming of Kazakh people/nation. Some tribes, who occupied the territory of Pritianshanye and Eastern Turkestan, participated in the forming of Kyrgyzes and Uigurs.

    Almalyk was the first capital of Mogolistan. First mogul khans kept ulus system. They conducted new taxes and taxation reforms.

    Political history of Mogolistan. Togluk-Timur (he belonged to Shagataid dynasty) was the first khan of Mogolistan (1347-1362). Togluk-Timur and his son Iljas-khodja (1362-1380) tried to join Shagataid state and submit Mavrenakhr. The first campaign for unification began in 1360. Emirs of Mavrenakhr didn’t resist him, because feuds were spread all over state. One of the emirs – future conqueror – Timur was obeyed to Togluk-Timur and gained Kesh for obedience. But Togluk-Timur couldn’t conquer Mavrenakhr, because the biggest uprising began in Mogolistan. Togluk-Timur came back to Mogolistan for suppression rebellion. After suppression of rebellion Togluk-Timur began new campaign to Mavrenakhr in 1361 and fixed his son – Iljas-khodja a ruler of Mavrenakhr.

    After death of Togluk-Timur Iljas-khodja returned to Mogolistan and was declared a khan of Mogolistan In 1365 he undertook new campaign to Mavrenakhr. The battle was on the bank of Syrdarya. Army of Timur was defeated and during the retreat more than 10 thousand warriors were trampled down and this battle was called “dirty battle”. This victory opened the road to Mavrenakhr. But Moguls couldn’t take Samarkand because dwellers of town resisted to them.

    In 70-80 of XIV c. other khans Hyzr-khodja, Enge-tore, Kamar-ad-din fought with Timur. As a result Mogolistan disintegrated into numerous small parts.

    But in the ruling of Mukhammad-khan (1408-1416), Mogolistan consolidated and became independent from Timurides; he released territory Shu and Talas. He spread Islam in Mogolistan by force.

     In the ruling of Vais-khan (1418-1428) the eastern borders of Mogolistan exposed to offensive of Oirats. Vais-khan fought with them many times and he transferred his capital from Turfan to Ilibalyk in Zhetisu. Son of Vais-khan Esen-Buga (1433-1462) tried to unite Mogolistan, but it was useless and he ruled only on the territory of Eastern Turkestan.

Лекцияның мақсаты: Алтын Орданың ыдыраушылық себептерін көрсету. Шағатай ұлысы. Moғолстанның құрылуы.

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