- •Предисловие
- •Introduction
- •1. Общие сведения об английском языке
- •2. The English Alphabet
- •Vowels: a, e, I, o, u, y
- •3. Word building Словообразование
- •Прочитайте текст и определите, верное или неверное утверждение:
- •Определите, к какой части речи относится выделенное слово:
- •Заполните таблицы на словообразование:
- •Переведите производные слова. Дайте свои примеры. Составьте предложения:
- •Заполните, где возможно, пропуски в таблице и дайте перевод полученных слов. Пользуйтесь словарем.
- •4. The Noun Имя существительное
- •Объясните все употребления прописной буквы в именах существительных:
- •Обсудите текст в парах:
- •5. The Article Артикль
- •Correct the mistakes:
- •Write a/an or the:
- •6. Образование основных грамматических форм
- •6.1 Present Indefinite (Simple)
- •6.2 Past Indefinite (Simple)
- •6.3 Future Indefinite (Simple)
- •Make the sentences negative:
- •Give the past form of the verbs :
- •Is the sentence right or wrong?
- •Ask the questions to the sentences:
- •Use the correct form of the verb:
- •Translate into English:
- •7. Общие сведения о структуре английского предложения.
- •Unite I System of education. My University
- •Activities:
- •Education System in Russia
- •Entry requirements for Russia's universities
- •1. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски 1-6 частями предложений a-g. Одна из частей в списке лишняя. Перенесите ответы в таблицу.
- •2. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски 1-6 частями предложений a-g. Одна из частей в списке лишняя. Перенесите ответы в таблицу.
- •Unite II Computers in the modern world
- •Activities:
- •Grammar review:
- •Fill in the missing degrees of comparison:
- •Give the comparative and the superlative forms of the adjectives:
- •Complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative:
- •Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Translate into English:
- •II. Read the text and fill the gaps 1- 4 with an appropriate variant from a-e. One point is not used.
- •III. Write an essay to the topic “Computers in the modern world”, using 150-200 words. Unite III Physics of colours
- •Colour blindness
- •Activities: Exercise 1: Answer the following questions:
- •Grammar review:
- •Meaning of colors
- •Unite 4 The sources of energy
- •Text: The sources of energy
- •Nuclear Energy
- •Activities: Exercise 1: Answer the following questions:
- •Global warming
- •Grammar review:
- •Unite 5 The latest materials
- •Activities:
- •Grammar review:
- •Правила преобразования прямой речи в косвенную:
- •Выберите правильный вариант:
- •2. Slowly simmer
- •3. The mystery ingredient
- •4. The Large Hadron Collider
- •5. The most powerful supercomputer system in the world...
- •6. The Hubble Space Telescope
- •Unite 6 The greatest developments of mankind
- •Activities:
- •Grammar review:
- •1. Put the verb into the correct form, to …or –ing.
- •2. Which alternative is correct?
- •3. Complete the questions with do/to do/doing.
- •Name by one word or term:
- •3. Fill the gaps, using one variant from the table:
- •4. Match the halves of the sentences:
- •5. Find an English equivalent to the Russian word:
- •Choose one variant to answer:
- •Fill in the missing degrees of comparison:
- •7. Use the verb in correct grammar form:
- •8. Find the antonyms.
- •9. Complete the gaps 1-6 with missing parts a-g. One part is extra. Fill the table with answers.
- •10. Преобразуйте предложение из действительного залога в страдательный (пассивный) залог:
- •Name the types of energy:
- •Give three forms of the verbs:
- •4. Match the two halves of the sentences:
- •5. Find the English equivalents to the Russian words:
- •6. Choose one variant to answer:
- •Use an appropriate modal verb:
- •Find the words with similar meaning (synonyms):
- •Use reported speech:
- •Construct the sentences with relative clause:
- •Особенности перевода научно-технической литературы
- •Appendix Present Perfect Continuous (Настоящее перфектно – длительное)
- •Past Perfect Continuous (Прошедшее перфектно-длительное)
- •Future Perfect Continuous
- •Future–in-the-Past (Будущее в прошедшем)
- •Compare the grammar forms of Future and Future-in-the-Past
- •Conditionals
- •Numerals
Conditionals
There are many different kinds of sentence using if. You have to decide whether you’re talking about the past, the present or future. You also have to decide whether you’re talking about a real possibility or an unreal possibility (unlikely, impossible or hypothetical)
Real possibility, present and future
Zero conditional: if + present tense….present tense
This is used to talk about general truths and scientific facts.
If you read a lot, you learn lots of vocabulary.
If you are cooking, you need to use vegetables.
First conditional: if + present tense…will +bare infinitive
This is used to talk about real possibilities in the present, in the future, or generally.
If you read a lot, you will learn lots of vocabulary.
You will need a good dictionary if you are learning foreign language.
If you have studied, you’ll do well in today’s test.
Instead of will, we can also use other modals or the imperative.
If you are going to the party, you can take this cake I made.
If it’s too late, you should call me tomorrow.
I might/may study Spanish if I pass my English exam.
If you have finished, do the next task.
Unreal possibility, present and future
Second conditional: if+ past tense…would + bare infinitive
This is used to talk about unreal possibilities (things that are unlikely, impossible or hypothetical) in the present and in the future.
If I won the lottery, I would move to the seaside.
I’d get a new car if I had enough money.
If you weren’t having a lesson now, what would you be doing?
The use of the past here is called the unreal past.
Instead of would we can also use other modals:
If I won the lottery, I could leave my job.
I might feel happier if I went to another school.
Especially in formal English we can say: If I were …
If I were Prime Minister, I would introduce new laws against pollution.
The third conditional: if + past perfect …would have + past participle
We can’t change the past. When we want to imagine the past being different, we can talk about it using the third conditional.
If I had known about the party, I would have gone. (But I didn’t know and didn’t go)
We wouldn’t have been on time if we hadn’t run. (We ran. We were on time)
Numerals
Cardinal Numerals
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Ordinal Numerals
|
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0 |
zero, oh |
1st |
(the) first |
1 |
one |
2nd |
(the) second |
2 |
two |
3rd |
(the) third |
3 |
three |
4th |
(the) fourth |
4 |
four |
5th |
(the) fifth |
5 |
five |
6th |
(the) sixth |
6 |
six |
7th |
(the) seventh |
7 |
seven |
8th |
(the) eighth |
8 |
eight |
9th |
(the) ninth |
9 |
nine |
10th |
(the) tenth |
10 |
ten |
11th |
(the) eleventh |
11 |
eleven |
12th |
(the) twelfth |
12 |
twelve |
13th |
(the) thirteenth |
13 |
thirteen |
14th |
(the) fourteenth |
14 |
fourteen |
15th |
(the) fifteenth |
15 |
fifteen |
16th |
(the) sixteenth |
16 |
sixteen |
17th |
(the) seventeenth |
17 |
seventeen |
18th |
(the) eighteenth |
18 |
eighteen |
19th |
(the) nineteenth |
19 |
nineteen |
20th |
(the) twentieth |
20 |
twenty |
21st |
(the) twenty-first |
21 |
twenty-one |
30th |
(the) thirtieth |
30 |
thirty |
40th |
(the) fortieth |
40 |
forty |
50th |
(the) fiftieth |
50 |
fifty |
60th |
(the) sixtieth |
60 |
sixty |
70th |
(the) seventieth |
70 |
seventy |
80th |
(the) eightieth |
80 |
eighty |
90th |
(the) ninetieth |
90 |
ninety |
100th |
(the) one hundredth |
100 |
one hundred/a hundred |
101st |
(the) one hundredth and first |
101 |
one hundred and one |
1000th |
(the) one thousandth |
1000 |
one thousand |
100,000th
|
(the) one hundred thousandth |
100,000 |
one hundred thousand |
1000000th
|
(the) one millionth |
1,000,000 |
one million |
|
|
Примечание: в составе числительных перед десятками (а если их нет, то перед единицами) ставится союз and.
Числительные hundred, thousand, million не употребляются во множественном числе. Во множественном числе могут употребляться только соответствующие существительные. Например: hundreds of thousands of people.
Most fractions are expressed using ordinal numbers.
1/3 - a third
1/5 - a fifth
1/6 - a sixth
½ - a half
¼ - a quarter
¾ - three quarters
3 ½ - three and a half
2 ¾ - two and three quarters
Таблица неправильных глаголов
Неопределенная форма |
Прошедшее время |
Причастие прошедшего времени |
Значение |
arise awake be bear become begin bend bind bite blow break breed bring build burn burst buy cast catch choose clothe come cost creep cut dare deal dig do draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find flee fling fly forbid forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit know lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet mistake mow pay put read ride ring rise run saw say see seek sell send set sew shake shave shear shine shoe shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep slide smell sow speak speed spell spend spill spin spit split spoil spread spring stand steal stick sting stink strew strike string swear sweep swell swim swing take teach tear tell think throw understand upset wake wear weave weep win wind withdraw wring write |
arose awoke was/were bore became began bent bound bit blew broke bred brought built burnt burst bought cast caught chose clothed came cost crept cut dared/durst dealt dug did drew dreamt/dreamed drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung/hanged had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knit knew laid led leant/leaned leapt/leaped learnt/learned left lent let lay lit lost made meant met mistook mowed paid put read rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shaved sheared shone shod shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept slid smelt sowed spoke sped spelt/spelled spent spilt/spilled spun/span spat split spoilt/spoiled spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank/stunk strewed struck strung swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought threw understood upset woke/waked wore wove wept won wound withdrew wrung wrote |
arisen awoken been born become begun bent bound bit(ten) blown broken bred brought built burnt burst bought cast caught chosen clothed come cost crept cut dared dealt dug done drawn dreamt/dreamed drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone grown hung/hanged had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt knit(ted) known laid led leant/leaned leapt/leaped learnt/learned left lent let lain lit lost made meant met mistaken mown paid put read ridden rung risen run sawn/sawed said seen sought sold sent set sewn/sewed shaken shaven/shaved shorn shone shod shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slid smelt sown/sowed spoken sped spelt/spelled spent spilt/spilled spun spat split spoilt/spoiled spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk strewn/strewed struck strung sworn swept swollen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown understood upset woken/waked worn woven wept won wound withdrawn wrung written |
подняться будить, проснуться быть нести, родить стать начать согнуть(ся) связать, переплетать кусать дуть (с)ломать выращивать принести строить жечь, гореть разразиться купить отлить ловить выбирать одеть прийти стоить ползти резать сметь иметь дело копать делать тащить, рисовать мечтать пить ехать есть падать кормить, заправлять чувствовать сражаться находить спасаться бегством бросить летать запретить забывать простить заморозить получить дать идти расти висеть иметь слышать прятать ударить держать причинить боль хранить стоять на коленях вязать знать положить вести прислониться прыгать учить оставить одолжить пустить, дать лежать осветить терять делать подразумевать встретить ошибаться косить платить класть читать ездить верхом звонить подняться бежать пилить говорить видеть искать продавать послать устанавливать шить трясти брить(ся) стричь светить обувать стрелять показывать сжимать закрывать петь погружаться сидеть спать скользить пахнуть сеять говорить ускорять читать по буквам тратить пролить прясть плевать расщепить портить распространиться вскочить стоять украсть уколоть, приклеить ужалить вонять усеять ударить нанизать клясться мести вздуться плыть качаться взять, брать учить рвать рассказать думать бросить понимать опрокинуть(ся) просыпаться носить ткать плакать выиграть заводить отозвать скрутить, сжать писать |