- •Предисловие
- •Introduction
- •1. Общие сведения об английском языке
- •2. The English Alphabet
- •Vowels: a, e, I, o, u, y
- •3. Word building Словообразование
- •Прочитайте текст и определите, верное или неверное утверждение:
- •Определите, к какой части речи относится выделенное слово:
- •Заполните таблицы на словообразование:
- •Переведите производные слова. Дайте свои примеры. Составьте предложения:
- •Заполните, где возможно, пропуски в таблице и дайте перевод полученных слов. Пользуйтесь словарем.
- •4. The Noun Имя существительное
- •Объясните все употребления прописной буквы в именах существительных:
- •Обсудите текст в парах:
- •5. The Article Артикль
- •Correct the mistakes:
- •Write a/an or the:
- •6. Образование основных грамматических форм
- •6.1 Present Indefinite (Simple)
- •6.2 Past Indefinite (Simple)
- •6.3 Future Indefinite (Simple)
- •Make the sentences negative:
- •Give the past form of the verbs :
- •Is the sentence right or wrong?
- •Ask the questions to the sentences:
- •Use the correct form of the verb:
- •Translate into English:
- •7. Общие сведения о структуре английского предложения.
- •Unite I System of education. My University
- •Activities:
- •Education System in Russia
- •Entry requirements for Russia's universities
- •1. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски 1-6 частями предложений a-g. Одна из частей в списке лишняя. Перенесите ответы в таблицу.
- •2. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски 1-6 частями предложений a-g. Одна из частей в списке лишняя. Перенесите ответы в таблицу.
- •Unite II Computers in the modern world
- •Activities:
- •Grammar review:
- •Fill in the missing degrees of comparison:
- •Give the comparative and the superlative forms of the adjectives:
- •Complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative:
- •Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Translate into English:
- •II. Read the text and fill the gaps 1- 4 with an appropriate variant from a-e. One point is not used.
- •III. Write an essay to the topic “Computers in the modern world”, using 150-200 words. Unite III Physics of colours
- •Colour blindness
- •Activities: Exercise 1: Answer the following questions:
- •Grammar review:
- •Meaning of colors
- •Unite 4 The sources of energy
- •Text: The sources of energy
- •Nuclear Energy
- •Activities: Exercise 1: Answer the following questions:
- •Global warming
- •Grammar review:
- •Unite 5 The latest materials
- •Activities:
- •Grammar review:
- •Правила преобразования прямой речи в косвенную:
- •Выберите правильный вариант:
- •2. Slowly simmer
- •3. The mystery ingredient
- •4. The Large Hadron Collider
- •5. The most powerful supercomputer system in the world...
- •6. The Hubble Space Telescope
- •Unite 6 The greatest developments of mankind
- •Activities:
- •Grammar review:
- •1. Put the verb into the correct form, to …or –ing.
- •2. Which alternative is correct?
- •3. Complete the questions with do/to do/doing.
- •Name by one word or term:
- •3. Fill the gaps, using one variant from the table:
- •4. Match the halves of the sentences:
- •5. Find an English equivalent to the Russian word:
- •Choose one variant to answer:
- •Fill in the missing degrees of comparison:
- •7. Use the verb in correct grammar form:
- •8. Find the antonyms.
- •9. Complete the gaps 1-6 with missing parts a-g. One part is extra. Fill the table with answers.
- •10. Преобразуйте предложение из действительного залога в страдательный (пассивный) залог:
- •Name the types of energy:
- •Give three forms of the verbs:
- •4. Match the two halves of the sentences:
- •5. Find the English equivalents to the Russian words:
- •6. Choose one variant to answer:
- •Use an appropriate modal verb:
- •Find the words with similar meaning (synonyms):
- •Use reported speech:
- •Construct the sentences with relative clause:
- •Особенности перевода научно-технической литературы
- •Appendix Present Perfect Continuous (Настоящее перфектно – длительное)
- •Past Perfect Continuous (Прошедшее перфектно-длительное)
- •Future Perfect Continuous
- •Future–in-the-Past (Будущее в прошедшем)
- •Compare the grammar forms of Future and Future-in-the-Past
- •Conditionals
- •Numerals
Nuclear Energy
Most scientists agree that we are seeing the effects of global warming already. Therefore alternative energy must be employed. In this case nuclear energy can be a good advantage. There are lots of debates about the usage and building of nuclear energy reactors. Nowadays, nuclear energy provides 13% of world electricity needs. Currently there are 442 nuclear reactors in the world with at least another 12 under construction in Asia, Brazil, Finland, Australia, India and China. Energy demands are growing fast everywhere. During the last decade world energy use grew by 20% and has been at around 3% per year growing.
The fuel for nuclear reactors, uranium is obtained from open-cut mines and is not expensive to mine. World reserves are estimated to last 150 years to even hundreds of centuries. Present reactors only use some 1% of the energy available in uranium but in future fast breeder reactors could recycle spent fuel rods at a 99% efficiency rate.
But our generation has witnessed some nuclear radiation accidents. One serious nuclear accident has occurred, in Chernobyl in 1986. It affected many thousands of people, livestock and agricultural production over a large geographical area. In the case of Chernobyl in the Ukraine, nuclear fall-out reached as far as areas of the UK. Another accident was at Fukushima Daiichi, one of the 15 largest nuclear power stations in the world. The station suffered major damage from the 9.0 earthquake and subsequent tsunami that hit Japan on March 11, 2011. The earthquake and tsunami disabled the reactor cooling systems, leading to nuclear radiation leaks and triggering a 30 km evacuation zone surrounding the plant.
Disadvantages include that nuclear power requires a large capital cost, involving emergency, containment, radioactive waste and storage systems. Long-term storage of nuclear waste is difficult. No one can predict who will access this waste in future and for which purposes. Ground water contamination would be a deadly nuclear legacy.
What have we done to get us here? We may have to adjust to the reality and use less energy than we actually think we need. We need to review our priorities. Is it better to use more of the energies of relationship and care for each other and our environment?
Activities: Exercise 1: Answer the following questions:
What is solar energy?
How is the solar energy converted?
How is the solar energy used?
What is wind energy? Is it hot air? Is it renewable?
Is wind energy greater than solar?
How can biomass energy be used?
Is bio energy renewable?
What technological processes can be used in generating energy?
In what form the geothermal energy can be observed?
Which parts of the Earth are known for close geothermal energy?
Can you name one or two volcanoes?
How is geothermal energy used?
Can nuclear energy be employed as an alternative energy source?
What nuclear radiation accidents have you heard about?
Exercise 2: Find the English equivalent to the Russian word:
энергия:
environment
energy
enemy
защита:
a) protection
b) pollution
c) population
источник:
a) source
b) science
c) device
поверхность:
a) surface
b) solar
c) subsequence
влажность:
a) humanity
b) humidity
c) humility
возобновляемый:
a) reactive
b) renewable
c) retainable
углекислый газ:
a ) carbohydrate
b) carbon monoxide
c) carbon dioxide
загрязнение:
a) position
b) pollution
c) protection
ядерный:
a) chemise
b) nuclear
c) future
утечка:
a) peak
b) leak
c) algae
Exercise 3: Match the halves of the expressions and translate them:
1 |
swimming |
A |
warming |
|
2 |
solar |
B |
reactor |
|
3 |
the Coriolis |
C |
glaciers |
|
4 |
global |
D |
pool |
|
5 |
nuclear |
E |
energy |
|
6 |
renewable |
F |
hemisphere |
|
7 |
Ice-covered |
G |
effect |
|
8 |
Northern |
H |
mirror |
|
Exercise 4: Find the statements true or false:
Solar energy is the sun’s rays that reach the Earth.
Solar energy can be converted into neither heat nor electricity.
Vatican intends to become the first solar-powered state in the world.
Wind energy is not greater than the solar energy.
Biomass energy can not be used for lighting, cooking, space heating and water heating.
Nowadays geothermal energy can be used directly for hot water and for converting heat into electricity.
Nuclear energy is widely used in the world.
There are no disadvantages of using nuclear power energy.
Exercise 5: Fill in the gaps with appropriate modal verbs (see Grammar review):
You … not speak while the teacher is speaking. (obligation)
To avoid global warming we …alternative sources of energy. (requirement)
You … stop eating so much fast food. (advice)
Various types of energy … be used for heating our houses. (possibility)
This building …be heated by geothermal energy. (probability)
We hope that nuclear power …not be the only available source of energy for future generations. (certainty)
For safe future we … to review our priorities in using energy. (requirement)
Exercise 6: Match the term with definition:
1 |
Nuclear |
a |
Relating to the heat at the centre of the Earth |
2 |
Solar |
b |
Plant and animal substances used for fuel |
3 |
Wind |
c |
Relating to energy produced by changing the structure of the central part of an atom |
4 |
Geothermal |
d |
Relating to the Sun or coming from the Sun |
5 |
Biomass |
e |
A natural current of air than moves fast enough to feel it |
Exercise 7: Make these words negative using prefixes:
positive negative
legal --------------
employed --------------
honest --------------
polite --------------
kind --------------
relevant --------------
capable --------------
attractive --------------
fair -------------
happy --------------
Exercise 8: Complete the sentences with correct endings:
1. One hour of sunlight gives enough energy to power the whole world for:
a) a whole decade;
b) a whole century;
c) a whole year.
2. Solar energy is everywhere:
a) the wind blows;
b) the sun shines;
c) the earth rotates.
3. Most wind energy occurs:
a) at magnetic fields.
b) at electric current;
c) at high altitudes.
4. The geothermal underground energy reservoirs are:
a) modern in their origin;
b) ancient in their origin;
c) not determined in their origin.
5. The fuel for nuclear reactors, uranium is obtained from open-cut mines and is:
a) not possible to mine;
b) expensive to mine.;
c) not expensive to mine.
Exercise 9: Find the equivalents to the Russian words and phrases in the text:
солнечный свет;
электричество;
фотосинтез;
вращение земли;
огромное количество энергии;
тем не менее, однако;
глобальное потепление;
в короткий период времени;
спать на печи;
ветряная мельница.
Exercise 10: Write an essay in 120-180 words to one of the topics:
The best source of energy
Global warming
Nature protection
Follow the structure of the example
(Следуйте образцу):
There is no doubt that traffic is a problem of pollution and global warming. Public transport offers a possible solution to this, since many people can be transported in one vehicle. The government has a responsibility to encourage the public to use buses and the underground more. However, there are a number of changes which need to be considered.
In the first place, public transport should be made free. The government should raise taxes to pay for the service. If it was free, most people would decide to leave their cars at home and travel by bus or train.
What is more, the service must be clean and reliable. People need to know that they can get to work on time. They also need to know that their journey will be comfortable.
To sum up, I would argue that a clean, reliable service which was free would encourage many people to use public transport. The government should take action on this to prevent environmental damage.
Exercise 11: |