Микросхемотехника / amelina_m_a_amelin_s_a_programma_shemotehnicheskogo_modeliro

ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɭ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɨɣɞɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɞɚɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ

ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ (DC analysis). Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ

ɧɚɞɨ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ DC-ɚɧɚɥɢɡ TRANSIENT-ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɜ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨ-

ɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɧɚ Pseudo Transient (cɦ. 6.1.7).

ɇɟɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨ- ɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɞɚɧɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɧɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɟ (ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɫ «ɡɟɦɥɟɣ») ɭɡɥɵ, ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɪɨɬɤɢ — ɬɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ.

ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ — ɧɟɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ, ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɬɨɩɨ- ɥɨɝɢɢ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɹ- ɡɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ.

ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ — ɧɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ. Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭ- ɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɝɥɨɬɢɬɟɥɢ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ. ɂɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬ- ɜɢɟ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚɦɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨ- ɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. ȿɦɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɛɟɠɚ-

ɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 1E-15 Ɏ.

ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɤɥɸɱ ɩɨɞ-

ɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɟ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɭ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɧɚɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ. ɂɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɢɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɤɥɸɱ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɨɤ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɜɵ- ɛɪɨɫɵ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɲɚɝ

ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɢɨɞɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɨ- ɤɚ. Ɋɟɡɢɫɬɨɪ ɧɚɞɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɦɟɲɚɥ ɧɨɪ- ɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɧɚɢɛɨ- ɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ 1E6 Ɉɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢ- ɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ.

6.10.3. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ

ɇɢɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɫɯɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ- ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ.

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ

Ƚɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɡɟɦɥɟɣ (Path to ground). Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɭɡɟɥ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɭɡɥɨɦ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢ- ɦɟɪ ɧɟɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ — ɫɯɟɦɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ 2 ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɟɞɢ- ɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ, ɭɡɟɥ ɦɟɠɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɭɡɟɥ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɡɟɦɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ (ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧ ɨɬ

ɧɟɟ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɨɜ) ɢ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨ- ɱɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ (DC operating point). Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨ-

ɛɥɟɦɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɫ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 1E12 Ɉɦ) ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɡɟɦɥɟɣ ɭɡɥɚ ɦɟɠɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɨɜ.

Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟ- ɦɵ — ɰɟɩɶ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ (transmission lines). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɵ- ɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɦɟɠɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɡɟɦɥɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɨɣɞɟɬɫɹ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ (1E12 Ɉɦ) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɡɥɨɦ ɦɟɠɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɟɦɥɟɣ.

ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɨɤɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɬɨɤɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ — ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɥɟɩɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɡ- ɡɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɟ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɨ- ɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢ- ɤɭ. ɥɭɱɲɟ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ.

Ʉɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɗȾɋ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɭɲɟɤ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɗȾɋ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɟɬɜɢ, ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɨ (ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɢ — ɷɬɨ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ). Ʉɨɧɬɭɪ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɬɨɥɶ- ɤɨ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɗȾɋ — ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɧɭɥɸ. MicroCap ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɢ ɜɵɞɚɟɬ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬ- ɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɝɥɨ- ɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɧɭɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠ- ɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɚɥɵɦ, ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɱɟ- ɬɚ.

Ɂɚɤɨɪɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɵ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɪɨɬɤɢ

ɢ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɵ — ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɨɩɰɢɸ ɩɨɤɚɡɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɭɡɥɨɜ (Node numbers, ). ȿɫ- ɥɢ 2 ɭɡɥɚ ɡɚɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɵ, ɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɭɡɟɥ ɫ ɟɞɢɧɵɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ. ȿɫɥɢ 2 ɭɡɥɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ, ɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ.

ɉɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ (Floating nodes). ɉɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ɍɛɟɞɢɬɟɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɚ ɨɩɰɢɹ Floating Nodes Check (Options>Preferences>Options>Analysis). Ɉɧɚ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪ-

ɤɨɣ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ 2-ɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ. ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɩɪɨ- ɜɟɪɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ

Ⱦɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɛɨɟɜ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ- ɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɹɞɭ ɭɫɥɨ- ɜɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɢɠɟ.

ɇɟɧɭɥɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɨɞɚ. ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ

RS ɞɢɨɞɚ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɚɦɨɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɞɢɨɞɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɹ-

ɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧ- ɡɢɫɬɨɪɚ BJT.

ɇɟɧɭɥɟɜɨɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɨɞɚ. ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɬɟɱ-

ɤɢ ɞɢɨɞɚ RL ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɨɡɧɢ- ɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫ ɞɢɨɞɨɦ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɟɩɥɨ- ɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 1E15 Ɉɦ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɢɨɞɨɜ. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɞɢɨɞɚ RL ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɭɞɨɛ- ɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɬɟɱɤɢ ɨɬ 1E6 ɞɨ 1E9. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ- ɤɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɸ ɨɛ ɨɲɢɛɤɟ «ɒɚɝ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɚɥ» ("time step too small"), ɨɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɲɚɝɚ.

ɇɟɧɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ. ȼɫɟ ɥɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɧɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ? ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ- ɧɢɸ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚɦ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ.

Ʉɥɸɱɢ ɢ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ȿɫ-

ɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɰɟɩɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ, ɞɨɛɚɜɶ- ɬɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɵ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ 10K ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ- ɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ. ɗɬɨ ɨɬɧɨ- ɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɥɸɱɚɦ, ɞɢɨɞɚɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɦ.

ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɨɤ-ɢɫɬɨɤ MOSFET-ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɚ. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɧɭɥɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɬɚɤɚɹ ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬ 0.01 ɞɨ .001, ɞɥɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ- ɦɟɬɪɚ LAMBDA, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɫ MOSFET- ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɪɟ- ɡɢɫɬɨɪ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɨɬ 1K ɞɨ 10K ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɫɬɨɤɚ (drain) ɢ ɢɫɬɨɤɚ (source). ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɯɟɦɵ.

ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɜ Global Settings

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɶ- ɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ Global Settings.

ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ Gmin. Gmin — ɷɬɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ.

ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ.

ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ RELTOL. RELTOL — ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɨɬ- ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɨɬ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ 0.001 ɞɨ 0.01 ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ.

ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ABSTOL ɢɥɢ VNTOL. ɗɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ Global Settings ɫɩɟɰɢ-

ɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɭɸ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɭɸ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ: ɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɍɦɨɥɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ: ABSTOL=1E-12; VNTOL=1E-6. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ, ɝɞɟ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɨɜ 10 mA, ɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟ- ɧɢɣ — 10 ȼ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟ-

ɧɢɹ, ɩɨɩɪɨɛɭɣɬɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɦɚɤ- ɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɜɚɲɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɬɟɱɟɬ ɬɨɤ ɜ 1000 , ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ABSTOL ɜ 1E5 ɪɚɡ (1000/10mA), ɬ.ɟ. ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ 1E-7 (1E5*1E-12).

ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ITL1. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ITL1 ɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ 100 ɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ — ɷɬɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɫɯɨɞɢ- ɦɨɫɬɢ. ȿɫɬɶ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ 150 ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ 300 ɢɬɟɪɚ- ɰɢɣ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ Converge.cir (ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝ Analysis\AC).

ȿɫɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɮɥɚɠɨɤ Convergence Assist (Preferences>Options>Analysis),

ɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ITL1 ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ITL4. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɚɫɯɨ-

ɞɢɬɫɹ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɶɬɟ ITL4 ɞɨ 20 ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɨ 50. ITL4 — ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟ- ɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɬɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɲɚɝ ɩɨ

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɢ ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ (ɫɦ. 6.1.1). ȿɫɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɮɥɚɠɨɤ

Convergence Assist (ɜ Preferences), ɷɬɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ.

Ɉɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ

ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧ- ɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɧɚ- ɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ (ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɨɱ- ɤɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ State Variables editor. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɢɡ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪ- ɜɨɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɮɚɣɥɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɤɧɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ Analysis Limits ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɩɰɢɹ Read ɢɡ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ State Variables. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɩɰɢɹ Operating Point ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɟɟ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɫɹ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ- ɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɢɡ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɣɥɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢ- ɥɨ, ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɬ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɥɥɸ-

ɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ Converge.cir ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚ book-mc\Analysis\AC.

Ʉɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ

Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɢɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɬɚ- ɧɢɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ- ɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɝɨ (ɩɢɥɨɨɛ- ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ). ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨ 0 ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨ- ɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɫɛɪɨɫɨɦ ɮɥɚɝɚ Operating Point ɜ ɨɤɧɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɚɧɚ- ɥɢɡɚ Analysis Limits. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɟ-

ɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (transient analysis).

ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ Nodeset. Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɵ Nodeset ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ) ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɨ- ɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ, ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬɫɹ.

ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ Off. ȼɵɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ OFF. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ.

ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ IC ɞɥɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɨɩɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɧ- ɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɬɭɲɟɤ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ, ɷɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨ- ɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɛɵɥ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɶ- ɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɤ) ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ.

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɮɚɣɥɚ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ (numeric output file). ȿɫɥɢ ɫɯɨɞɢ-

ɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɬɟ ɮɚɣɥ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ numeric output (F5). Ɉɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɯ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɦɟɤ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɭɜɢɞɟɜ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɮɥɚɝɚ Convergence Assist. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɩɰɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ

Options>Preference>Options>Analysis, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ. Ɉɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ Global Settings ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟ- ɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ɍ.ɟ. ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɫɨɲɟɥɫɹ, ɡɚɩɨ- ɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɵ .OPTIONS ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɯ.

ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ, ɩɨɩɪɨɛɭɣɬɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶ- ɡɭɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ɦɟɧɸ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ Operating Points Methods (Ctrl+Shift+O). ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ (ɜɫɟɝɨ 5), ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹ- ɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ (ɫɦ. 6.1.7).

ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɚɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟ- ɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɹ- ɬɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɤɧɚ Global Settings (Options>Global Settings), ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜ ɮɥɚɠɨɤ Numeric_Derivative. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɬɨ ɫɥɟ- ɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ Derivative ɟɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ.

7. ȾɈɉɈɅɇɂɌȿɅɖɇɕȿ ȼɈɁɆɈɀɇɈɋɌɂ ɈɋɇɈȼɇɕɏ ȼɂȾɈȼ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ- ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ Stepping (ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ), ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ Monte Carlo (ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫɟ ɩɚ- ɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ) ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɯɟɦɵ

(Optimize).

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ

ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ (ɚɧɚɥɢɡ Ɏɭɪɶɟ).

7.1. Ɇɧɨɝɨɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ (Stepping)

ɉɭɧɤɬ Stepping ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɧɸ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 6.4). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɚɧɟɥɶ Stepping ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɨɤɧɟ Analysis Limits ɞɥɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɦɚɥɨɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɣ. Ȼɵ-

ɫɬɪɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɜɢɲɟɣ F11 ɢɥɢ

ɩɢɤɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ.

Ɇɧɨɝɨɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ (Stepping) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɚɪɶɢ-

ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɤɧɚ Stepping ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ Transfer Function ɢ

Sensitivity.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɸ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ Ɇɨɧɬɟ-Ʉɚɪɥɨ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ Micro-Cap ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ (ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ).

Ƚɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ Stepping ɨɬɨɛɪɚ- ɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɤɧɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢ- ɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ (ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɝɪɚ- ɮɢɤ) ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɭɪɫɨɪ ɦɵɲɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ, ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚ- ɰɢɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɡɹɬɫɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɨɦ ɦɵɲɢ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ

Cursor Mode () — ɤɥɚɜɢɲɚɦɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɜɢɚɬɭɪɵ p, n. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɡɧɚ- ɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚ- ɰɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ Scope>Label Branches ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ Cursor Mode ɢɫ-

ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ Scope>Go to Branch () ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.

Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ MC9, MC10 ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡ- ɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ/ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɫɟɯ 20 ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚ- ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ 20 ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɚɯ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ Stepping ɤɧɨɩɤɚɦɢ All On /All Off ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ «ɝɚɥɨɱɤɨɣ» ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ.

Ɉɤɧɨ Stepping ɢɦɟɟɬ 20 ɡɚɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɞɥɹ 20 ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɟɯ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ. ȼɚɪɢɚɰɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɮɥɚɠɨɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɢ Step It ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ Yes.

Ɋɢɫ. 7.1. ȼɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɯɟɦɵ

Ɉɩɰɢɢ ɨɤɧɚ Stepping

Step It — ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɢɧɝ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜ Yes ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɸ ɜɵ- ɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɜ No — ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬ.

Step What — ɱɬɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ. Ʌɟ- ɜɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɢɦɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɢɦɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɦ- ɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ- ɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ. ɂɦɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ. ȼ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɢɦɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ.

ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ: Component, Model ɢɥɢ Symbolic.

From — ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬ- ɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɚɥɵ ɨɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɭɥɹ.

To — ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɚɥɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɭɥɹ.

Step Value — ɲɚɝ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɲɤɚɥɟ ɲɚɝ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɚɥɟ — ɭɦɧɨɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ.

Method — ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ:

Linear — ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɲɚɝɚ Step Value;

Log — ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɭɦɧɨ- ɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɲɚɝɚ Step Value;

List — ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɡɞɟ- ɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɩɹɬɚɹ.

Parameter Type — ɬɢɩ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ: ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ, ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɢɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ.

xComponent. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. ɇɚɠɚɬɢɟ

ɧɚ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ Step What ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɦɟɧ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɨ-

ɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɋ1, ɋ2, ɋb, Q1, R1, R2, Re, Rk, Rn, V1, V2.

ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ), ɬɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ VALUE (ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ). ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦ- ɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɞɟɥɶ (ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ

.MODEL, .MACRO ɢɥɢ .SUBCKT), ɬɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɢɦɹ ɟɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɨɤɧɟ Global Settings ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɨɩɰɢɢ PRIVATEANALOG ɢ PRIVATEDIGITAL, ɬɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɚɪɚ- ɦɟɬɪɵ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ; ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨ- ɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɩɰɢɣ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ: ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɹ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɟɫɹ- ɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɢɦɹ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ X1.D13, X2.R4.

xModel. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥ-

ɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ). ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɬɢɩ Model, ɬɨ ɧɚ- ɠɚɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ Step What ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ

ɢɦɟɧ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɚ- ɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɹ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɬɢɩ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ PNP $GENERIC_P (p-n-p ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪ ɫ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ $GENERIC_P), ɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ — ɢɦɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ- ɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, BF (ɪɢɫ. 7.2). ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ. ȼ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ BF ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ $GENERIC_P. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ PRIVATEANALOG

ɢ PRIVATEDIGITAL ɜ ɨɤɧɟ Global Settings.

xSymbolic. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ — ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ .DEFINE ɢɥɢ .PARAM. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ.

Ɇɧɨɝɨɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɜ ɦɨɳɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ

ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ W ɢ L ɬɟɯ ɆɈɉ-ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɡɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ- ɧɵɟ W1 ɢ L1 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ:

.DEFINE W1 2U

.DEFINE L1 0.3U

.MODEL NM1 NMOS (W=W1 L=L1...)

Ɋɢɫ. 7.2. ȼɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɚ

Change — ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨ- ɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. ɗɬɚ ɨɩ- ɰɢɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ:

Step all variables simultaneously. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟ- ɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚ-

ɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɨɪɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɞɚɧɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟ- ɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɲɢɛɤɟ.

Step variables in nested loops. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚ- ɦɟɬɪɨɜ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɟ (ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ) ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ