
- •О.О. Пісоцька
- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Immune system
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Immune system
- •Immunity
- •Overview
- •Lesson 35
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Functions of “one”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Overview
- •Lesson 36
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Infinitive and its forms
- •Інфінітив у формі|у формі| Continuous| виражає тривалу дію, що відбувається одночасно з дією, вираженою дієсловом-присудком:
- •Інфінітив у формі|у формі| Perfect| виражає|виказує,висловлює| дію, що передує дії, вираженій дієсловом-присудком:
- •Subjective infinitive construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Endocrine system
- •Ex. 16. Translate the text “Endocrine System” into Ukrainian.
- •Endocrine glands
- •Functions of hormones
- •Ex. 34. Speak on the some endocrine glands using obtained data. You may use the following expressions:
- •Thyroid gland
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Hormonal problems
- •Ex. 7. Translate the text “Hormonal Problems” into Ukrainian.
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar:
- •Objective infinitive construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Diabetes mellitus
- •Insulin injection
- •Medication
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Drugs: their main characteristics and forms
- •Routes of Drug Administration
- •Adverse drug reaction
- •Drug classes
- •Proper use of medicine
- •Vitamins
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Forms of gerund
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Vitamins
- •Importance of vitamin d
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Gerund construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 9. Read the following text: medicinal herbs
- •Decoction
- •The using of medicinal herbs
- •Treating by medicinal herbs
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building conversion
- •Grammar:
- •Reading and developing skills
- •Antibiotics
- •Ex. 18. Make up a dialogue on antibiotics.
- •Penicillin
- •Lesson 43
- •I. Read and translate one of the following texts: Text a thyroid diseases
- •Allergy
- •Text c medicinal herbs
- •Text d antibiotics
- •Text e history of antibiotics
- •Text f side effects
- •II. Speak on the following topics:
- •Word-building
- •Nervous system
- •Various forms of nerve cells.
- •Spinal cord
- •Overview
- •Lesson 45
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Sequence of tenses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 20. Read the following abstract and write down all unknown medical terms. Translate them with the aid of dictionary. Tell about the hypothalamic functions: hypothalamus
- •Human brain and its functions
- •What is wonderful about the brain?
- •Overview
- •Lesson 46
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Disorders of nervous system
- •Infections
- •Ex. 8. Read and memorize the following words:
- •Degenerative disorders
- •Ex. 16. Write the summary of the text "Degenerative Disorders" overview
- •Lesson 47
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Adverbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 4. Read the vocabulary and memorize new words. Ex. 5. Insert the missing letters, read the following words and translate them:
- •Accessory structures
- •Eye placement
- •Overview
- •Lesson 48
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Noun as attribute
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ear disorders
- •Communicating with a hearing-impaired person
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Forms of participle
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •What is your skin type
- •Ex. 26. Read and translate the following text: skin disorders
- •Lesson 50
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Absolute participle construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Respiratory system
- •Normal ventilation
- •Smoking
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: absolute participle construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Respiratory disorders
- •Tracheobronchitis and bronchitis
- •Disorders of the sinuses and throat
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Construction “it is (was, will be ) … that (who, whom)”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Overview
- •Lesson 53
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Infectious diseases and their types
- •Subgroups of the infectious diseases
- •Overview
- •Text a tuberculosis
- •Disorders of vision
- •Bronchitis
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Objective participle construction
- •The Objective Participle Construction перекладається підрядним реченням зі сполучником “як”: I saw them walking along the street.Я бачив, як вони йшли по вулиці.
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Urinary system
- •Ex. 20. Make up a dialogue on the urinary system.
- •Functions of urinary system
- •Fluid excretion
- •Kidneys
- •Ex. 26. Describe the structure of kidney using the following figure:
- •Ex. 27 Describe kidneys’ functions. The following expressions may be helpful:
- •Ex. 28. Write the summary of the text "Kidneys".
- •Overview
- •Lesson 56
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Functions of the verb “to have”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Kidneys disorders
- •Kidney stones
- •Ex. 23. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:
- •Kidney transplantation
- •Overview
- •Lesson 57
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Functions of the verb “to be”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 8. Read and memorize the following terms:
- •Ex. 21. Write the summary of the text “Cancer”.
- •New methods to fight cancer
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Interrogative form (Revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 8. Translate the following words into English:
- •Stomach tumor
- •Ex. 18. Give a summary of the text “Stomach Tumor”.
- •Lung cancer
- •Tumors of the small intestine
- •Cancer of the kidney
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Pregnancy
- •Food and nutrition during pregnancy
- •Development of the organ systems
- •Signs of pregnancy
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: simple tenses (revision)
- •Reading and developing skills
- •Death; embryo; adolescent; occur; amount; achieve; subsequent; myelin sheath; push; raise; grasp; listen; quietly; laugh; loud.
- •First year after birth
- •Development during the preschool years
- •School years
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Interrogative form
- •Reading and developing reading skills
- •Newborn’s nutrition
- •Breast feeding
- •Infant’s nutrition
- •Nutrition of preschool child
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar: modal verbs (revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Childhood infectious diseases
- •Chickenpox
- •Immunization
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar:
- •Infinitive constructions and participles (revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Measles
- •Complications of measles
- •Some notions about measles
- •I. Read and translate one of the following texts: Text a female reproductive system
- •Male reproductive system
- •Infertility
- •Breast cancer
- •Whooping cough
- •Treatment for whooping cough
- •II. Speak on the following topics:
- •Appendix 1
- •Irregular verbs
- •Appendix 2 suffixes and term-elements
- •Term elements of greek and latin origin greek, latin, english and ukrainian equivalents
- •Короткий довідник з правил словотворення
- •Найуживаніші суфікси англійської мови:
- •Основні префікси:
- •Practical grammar guide
- •(Короткий граматичний довідник)
- •Іменник
- •(Cases)
- •Артикль (article)
- •Займенники (pronouns)
- •Прикметник (adjective)
- •Найвищий ступінь порівняння прикметників (Superlative Degree)
- •Порядок слів у реченні.
- •Побудова розповідних і питальних речень
- •Способи визначення присудка в англійському реченні
- •Неозначено-особові речення
- •Безособові речення.
- •Форми дієслова forms of the verb
- •Часи групи simple (indefinite) present simple
- •Past simple
- •Future simple
- •Simple tenses
- •Часи групи continuous
- •Present continuous
- •Past continuous
- •Future continuous
- •Continuous tenses
- •Perfect tenses
- •Present perfect
- •Past perfect
- •Future perfect
- •Perfect tenses
- •Стан дієслова
- •Passive voice
- •Зведена таблиця часів стверджувальної форми
- •Зведена таблиця питальної форми
- •Interrogative form
- •Дієслова to be та to have
- •Ознаки функціональної відмінності дієслова to be
- •Модальні дієслова (modal verbs)
- •Модальне дієслово can
- •Модальне дієслово could
- •Модальне дієслово may
- •Модальне дієслово must
- •Ознаки розпізнавання граматичних форм, утворених за допомогою допоміжних дієслів should I would
- •Підрядні додаткові та означальні речення (object clauses)
- •Виділення членів речення за допомогою підсилювальної конструкції it is (was, will be) ... That (who, which)
- •Умовний спосіб
- •(Infinitive)
- •Об’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (Objective Infinitive Construction)
- •Дієприкметник
- •Об’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс (Objective Participle Construction)
- •The Objective Participle Construction перекладається підрядним реченням зі сполучником “як”: I saw them walking along the street. – я бачив, як вони йшли по вулиці. Герундій (gerund)
- •Форми герундія
- •Герундіальний комплекс (зворот) (Gerund Construction)
- •Узгодження часів у підрядному додатковому реченні
- •Vocabulary список використаної літератури
- •О.О. Пісоцька і.В. Знаменська в.Г. Костенко
Functions of the verb “to have”
USING |
FUNCTION |
EXAMPLES |
to have+ noun |
Main Verb |
The heart has four chambers.
|
to have + V3 (Perfect Tenses, Active Voice) to have + been + V3 (Perfect Tenses, Passive Voice) |
Auxiliary Verb |
The heart has pumped oxygenated blood.
|
to have + V (with particle “to”) |
Modal Meaning |
The doctor has to examine her. |
Ex. 3. Read the following sentences and translate them into Ukrainian:
1. Many of the abnormalities have no symptoms. 2. Instruments that pulverize kidney stones with ultrasound have replaced most traditional surgical procedures. 3. They had adverse reactions, including death. 4. As a rule the person has flank pain, high fever, vomiting, and burning sensation during urination. 5. In persons who have had chickenpox, the virus can cause shingles later in life. 6. He has estimated that mitosis is the division of the nucleus into two nuclei. 7. The arteries have to be strong as well as flexible. 8. The students of many countries have to pay for their training.
Reading and developing speaking skills
Ex. 4. Read VOCABULARY and memorize the following words.
Ex. 5. Compose 2-3- sentences using the words of VOCABULARY.
Ex. 6. Insert the missing letters:
Renal tub_le; nep_ritis; ur_a; corpus_le; fail_re; ne_hron; renal pel_is.
Ex. 7. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
Recur; permeability; acidosis; glomerulonephritis; vasoconstriction; filtrate; eradicate; osmolality; ischemia; renal corpuscle; renal pelvis; increase; tea-colored urine; blurred vision; ache; flank pain.
Ex. 8. Read the following words and word-combinations:
Abnormality; initially; nephritis; corpuscle; permeability; osmolality; urine; generalized; pyelonephritis; medulla; high fever; although; immediate threat; recur; interfere; lead; mercuric ion; carbon tetrachloride; epithelium.
Ex. 9. Read the following text:
Kidneys disorders
There are many forms of kidneys diseases. Many of the following abnormalities have no symptoms and may often go undetected, at least initially, or are detected when tests are done.
Glomerulonephritis results from inflammation of the filtration membrane within the renal corpuscle. It is characterized by an increased permeability of the filtration membrane and the accumulation of numerous white blood cells in the area of the filtration membrane. As a consequence, a high concentration of plasma proteins enters the urine along with numerous white blood cells. Plasma proteins in the filtrate increase the osmolality of the filtrate, causing a greater-than-normal urine volume. The signs and symptoms are the following: cola- or tea-colored urine, hypertension, fluid retention, headaches, blurred vision, and generalized aches.
Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the renal pelvis, medulla, and cortex. It often begins as a bacterial infection of the renal pelvis and then extends into the kidney itself. It can result from several types of bacteria. Pyelonephritis may cause the destruction of nephrons and renal corpuscles, but because the infection starts in the pelvis of the kidney, it affects the medulla more than the cortex. As a consequence, the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine is dramatically affected. As a rule the person has flank pain, high fever, vomiting, and burning sensation during urination. When properly treated, acute pyelonephritis rarely progresses to chronic renal disease, although it can be an immediate threat to life in an elderly or weakened persons. It can also recur if the infection is not totally eradicated.
Renal failure may result from any condition that interferes with kidney function. Acute renal failure occurs when damage to the kidney is extensive and leads to the accumulation of the urea in the blood and to acidosis. In complete renal failure death may occur in 1 to 2 weeks. Acute renal failure may result from acute glomerulonephritis, or it may be caused by damage to or blockage of renal tubules. Some poisons such as mercuric ions or carbon tetrachloride that are the common to certain industrial processes cause necrosis of the nephron epithelium. If the damage does not interrupt the basement membrane surrounding the nephrons, extensive regeneration can occur within 2 or 3 weeks. Severe ischemia associated with circulatory shock caused by sympathetic vasoconstriction of the renal blood vessels can cause necrosis of the epithelial cells of the nephron.
Ex. 10. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:
Гломерулонефрит; нирковий каналець; усувати, викорінювати; мальпігієве| тільце, ниркове тільце; ацидоз, кислотна інтоксикація; осмотичний тиск|тиснення|; ниркова лоханка; сечовина; недостатність; пієлонефрит; рецидивувати; проникність; ангіоспазм, звуження кровоносних судин|посудин|; викликати|спричиняти| деструкцію; хронічне захворювання; виникати; покривати, оточувати.
Ex. 11. Translate the text “Kidneys Disorders” into Ukrainian.
Ex. 12. Insert the missing words:
1. Glomerulonephritis results from inflammation of the filtration membrane within the renal _. 2. It is characterized by an increased _ of the filtration membrane. 3. The signs and symptoms of glomerulonephritis are the following: tea-colored urine, hypertension, fluid retention, _, and generalized aches. 4. Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the renal _, medulla, and cortex. 5. It often begins as a bacterial _ of the renal pelvis. 6. Then it extends into the _ itself. 7. Pyelonephritis may cause the destruction of _ and renal corpuscles. 8. The person with pyelonephritis has _ pain, high fever, vomiting, and burning sensation during urination. 9. When properly treated, acute _ rarely progresses to chronic renal disease. 10. Renal failure may result from any _ that interferes with kidney function. 11. Acute renal failure occurs when damage to the kidney leads to the accumulation of the _ in the blood. 12. In renal failure death may _ in 1 to 2 weeks. 13. Acute renal failure may result from acute _. 14. In some cases it may be caused by damage to or blockage of renal _. 15. Circulatory shock caused by sympathetic _ of the renal blood vessels can cause necrosis of the epithelial cells of the nephron.
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
1. What kidneys disorders do you know? 2. What does glomerulonephritis result from? 3. What is glomerulonephritis characterized by? 4. What are the symptoms of glomerulonephritis? 5. What is pyelonephritis? 6. What can pyelonephritis result from? 7. What are the signs of pyelonephritis? 8. What is renal failure? 9. What are the causes of renal failure? 10. Is it dangerous disease?
Ex. 14. Insert the prepositions and translate the following sentences:
1. Acute infections practically always precede the onset _ acute nephritis. 2. Acute glomerular nephritis is not merely a disease of the kidney, but may involve various systems _ the body. 3. The chief changes occurring _ acute glomerular nephritis are swelling and disintegration of the endothelial cells which line the capillaries of the tufts (tuft пучок). 4. The patient may develop the clinical picture of acute nephritis _ a period of from two to eight days. 5. Disturbances of urination characterized _ a scanty (недостатній, обмежений) outflow of urine or even complete anuria may be present. 6. The severity or mildness of the kidney disease cannot always be measured _ the examination of the urine or any other tests.
Ex. 15. Write out key words of the text “Kidney Disorders”.
Ex. 16. Make up a plan of the text “Kidney Disorders”.
Ex. 17. Speak on the kidney disorders. The following expressions may be helpful:
… is one of the kidneys disorders.
The cause of … is … .
The signs and symptoms of … are … .
… may progresses to/can cause … .
Ex. 18. Make up a dialogue on glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, or renal failure. Use the following expressions:
What is the definition of …?
What is the cause of …?
What are the signs of … ?
Ex. 19. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:
Smooth surface гладка, рівна поверхня; stone камінь; referred [rI'fq:d] pain гетеротопічний біль, відбитий (рефлекторний) біль; groin [grOIn] пах; ulceration укривання виразками; obscure [qb'skjuq] неясний; gout [gaut] подагра; pulverize ['pAlveraIz] дрібнити, дробити.
Ex. 20. Read and translate the following text: