- •О.О. Пісоцька
- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Immune system
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Immune system
- •Immunity
- •Overview
- •Lesson 35
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Functions of “one”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Overview
- •Lesson 36
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Infinitive and its forms
- •Інфінітив у формі|у формі| Continuous| виражає тривалу дію, що відбувається одночасно з дією, вираженою дієсловом-присудком:
- •Інфінітив у формі|у формі| Perfect| виражає|виказує,висловлює| дію, що передує дії, вираженій дієсловом-присудком:
- •Subjective infinitive construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Endocrine system
- •Ex. 16. Translate the text “Endocrine System” into Ukrainian.
- •Endocrine glands
- •Functions of hormones
- •Ex. 34. Speak on the some endocrine glands using obtained data. You may use the following expressions:
- •Thyroid gland
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Hormonal problems
- •Ex. 7. Translate the text “Hormonal Problems” into Ukrainian.
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar:
- •Objective infinitive construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Diabetes mellitus
- •Insulin injection
- •Medication
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Drugs: their main characteristics and forms
- •Routes of Drug Administration
- •Adverse drug reaction
- •Drug classes
- •Proper use of medicine
- •Vitamins
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Forms of gerund
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Vitamins
- •Importance of vitamin d
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Gerund construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 9. Read the following text: medicinal herbs
- •Decoction
- •The using of medicinal herbs
- •Treating by medicinal herbs
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building conversion
- •Grammar:
- •Reading and developing skills
- •Antibiotics
- •Ex. 18. Make up a dialogue on antibiotics.
- •Penicillin
- •Lesson 43
- •I. Read and translate one of the following texts: Text a thyroid diseases
- •Allergy
- •Text c medicinal herbs
- •Text d antibiotics
- •Text e history of antibiotics
- •Text f side effects
- •II. Speak on the following topics:
- •Word-building
- •Nervous system
- •Various forms of nerve cells.
- •Spinal cord
- •Overview
- •Lesson 45
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Sequence of tenses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 20. Read the following abstract and write down all unknown medical terms. Translate them with the aid of dictionary. Tell about the hypothalamic functions: hypothalamus
- •Human brain and its functions
- •What is wonderful about the brain?
- •Overview
- •Lesson 46
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Disorders of nervous system
- •Infections
- •Ex. 8. Read and memorize the following words:
- •Degenerative disorders
- •Ex. 16. Write the summary of the text "Degenerative Disorders" overview
- •Lesson 47
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Adverbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 4. Read the vocabulary and memorize new words. Ex. 5. Insert the missing letters, read the following words and translate them:
- •Accessory structures
- •Eye placement
- •Overview
- •Lesson 48
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Noun as attribute
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ear disorders
- •Communicating with a hearing-impaired person
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Forms of participle
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •What is your skin type
- •Ex. 26. Read and translate the following text: skin disorders
- •Lesson 50
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Absolute participle construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Respiratory system
- •Normal ventilation
- •Smoking
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: absolute participle construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Respiratory disorders
- •Tracheobronchitis and bronchitis
- •Disorders of the sinuses and throat
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Construction “it is (was, will be ) … that (who, whom)”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Overview
- •Lesson 53
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Infectious diseases and their types
- •Subgroups of the infectious diseases
- •Overview
- •Text a tuberculosis
- •Disorders of vision
- •Bronchitis
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Objective participle construction
- •The Objective Participle Construction перекладається підрядним реченням зі сполучником “як”: I saw them walking along the street.Я бачив, як вони йшли по вулиці.
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Urinary system
- •Ex. 20. Make up a dialogue on the urinary system.
- •Functions of urinary system
- •Fluid excretion
- •Kidneys
- •Ex. 26. Describe the structure of kidney using the following figure:
- •Ex. 27 Describe kidneys’ functions. The following expressions may be helpful:
- •Ex. 28. Write the summary of the text "Kidneys".
- •Overview
- •Lesson 56
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Functions of the verb “to have”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Kidneys disorders
- •Kidney stones
- •Ex. 23. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:
- •Kidney transplantation
- •Overview
- •Lesson 57
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Functions of the verb “to be”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 8. Read and memorize the following terms:
- •Ex. 21. Write the summary of the text “Cancer”.
- •New methods to fight cancer
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Interrogative form (Revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 8. Translate the following words into English:
- •Stomach tumor
- •Ex. 18. Give a summary of the text “Stomach Tumor”.
- •Lung cancer
- •Tumors of the small intestine
- •Cancer of the kidney
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Pregnancy
- •Food and nutrition during pregnancy
- •Development of the organ systems
- •Signs of pregnancy
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: simple tenses (revision)
- •Reading and developing skills
- •Death; embryo; adolescent; occur; amount; achieve; subsequent; myelin sheath; push; raise; grasp; listen; quietly; laugh; loud.
- •First year after birth
- •Development during the preschool years
- •School years
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Interrogative form
- •Reading and developing reading skills
- •Newborn’s nutrition
- •Breast feeding
- •Infant’s nutrition
- •Nutrition of preschool child
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar: modal verbs (revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Childhood infectious diseases
- •Chickenpox
- •Immunization
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar:
- •Infinitive constructions and participles (revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Measles
- •Complications of measles
- •Some notions about measles
- •I. Read and translate one of the following texts: Text a female reproductive system
- •Male reproductive system
- •Infertility
- •Breast cancer
- •Whooping cough
- •Treatment for whooping cough
- •II. Speak on the following topics:
- •Appendix 1
- •Irregular verbs
- •Appendix 2 suffixes and term-elements
- •Term elements of greek and latin origin greek, latin, english and ukrainian equivalents
- •Короткий довідник з правил словотворення
- •Найуживаніші суфікси англійської мови:
- •Основні префікси:
- •Practical grammar guide
- •(Короткий граматичний довідник)
- •Іменник
- •(Cases)
- •Артикль (article)
- •Займенники (pronouns)
- •Прикметник (adjective)
- •Найвищий ступінь порівняння прикметників (Superlative Degree)
- •Порядок слів у реченні.
- •Побудова розповідних і питальних речень
- •Способи визначення присудка в англійському реченні
- •Неозначено-особові речення
- •Безособові речення.
- •Форми дієслова forms of the verb
- •Часи групи simple (indefinite) present simple
- •Past simple
- •Future simple
- •Simple tenses
- •Часи групи continuous
- •Present continuous
- •Past continuous
- •Future continuous
- •Continuous tenses
- •Perfect tenses
- •Present perfect
- •Past perfect
- •Future perfect
- •Perfect tenses
- •Стан дієслова
- •Passive voice
- •Зведена таблиця часів стверджувальної форми
- •Зведена таблиця питальної форми
- •Interrogative form
- •Дієслова to be та to have
- •Ознаки функціональної відмінності дієслова to be
- •Модальні дієслова (modal verbs)
- •Модальне дієслово can
- •Модальне дієслово could
- •Модальне дієслово may
- •Модальне дієслово must
- •Ознаки розпізнавання граматичних форм, утворених за допомогою допоміжних дієслів should I would
- •Підрядні додаткові та означальні речення (object clauses)
- •Виділення членів речення за допомогою підсилювальної конструкції it is (was, will be) ... That (who, which)
- •Умовний спосіб
- •(Infinitive)
- •Об’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (Objective Infinitive Construction)
- •Дієприкметник
- •Об’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс (Objective Participle Construction)
- •The Objective Participle Construction перекладається підрядним реченням зі сполучником “як”: I saw them walking along the street. – я бачив, як вони йшли по вулиці. Герундій (gerund)
- •Форми герундія
- •Герундіальний комплекс (зворот) (Gerund Construction)
- •Узгодження часів у підрядному додатковому реченні
- •Vocabulary список використаної літератури
- •О.О. Пісоцька і.В. Знаменська в.Г. Костенко
Reading and developing speaking skills
Ex. 6. Read VOCABULARY and memorize new words.
Ex. 7. Compose 3-4 sentences using the words of VOCABULARY.
Ex. 8. Insert the missing letters:
Cell-medi_ted; eng_lf; enco_nter; elimin_te; para_ite; defen_e; e_posure; hum_ral; der_ve; suppre_s.
Ex. 9. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
Dissolved; thymus gland; transparent; cell-mediated; fungi; engulf; encounter; eliminate; protozoa; in response to; majority; defense; exposure.
Ex. 10. Read the following words and word-combinations:
Nature; immune; recovering; positioned; lymphoid; hormone; thymus; transparent fluid; antigen; chiefly; defend; category; humoral and cell-mediated; certain; plasma; cell; lymphocyte; phagocyte; engulf; virus; fungi; protozoa; healthy diet.
Ex. 11. Read the following text:
Immune system
The immune system is probably the most important system in the human body. It was designed by nature millions of years ago to aid the body in recovering from injuries and illnesses. The immune system is a complex of organs, all of which work together to clear infection from the body. The organs of the immune system, positioned throughout the body, are called lymphoid organs. The major parts of immune system are the thymus, spleen, lymph system, bone marrow, white blood cells, antibodies, and hormones. Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes are the parts of the special circulatory system that carries lymph, a transparent fluid containing white blood cells, chiefly lymphocytes. Although we inhale and eat thousands of germs every day, the immune system prevents them from causing the diseases. Human body has many mechanisms |
|
The Work of Immune System
that defend the person against infectious organisms. The skin and gastrointestinal tract are the first lines of defense. The human organism has a specific capacity of resistance against infection called immunity. There are two general categories of immune mechanisms: humoral and cell-mediated.
Humoral immunity is based on certain body proteins called antibodies, which are found dissolved in the blood and other body fluids. The antibodies are made by plasma cells, which are derived from certain white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells). The antibodies are produced in response to exposure to a foreign substance. Any foreign substance that enters the body and causes the manufacture of antibodies is called an antigen.
Cell-mediated immunity is based on the actions of phagocytes and other white blood cells. Phagocytes are cells that can dissolve or engulf and destroy viruses, bacteria, fungi, and cells foreign to the body. White blood cells that are involved in this defense are a type of lymphocyte called T cells because they are derived from the thymus gland.
Agents that can invade the human body live everywhere. The majority of these organisms do not produce disease, but some do. The basic types of organisms that cause infectious disease are bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths.
Possible help for the immune system is a healthy diet, with lots of natural sources of vitamins A, C and E, zinc, iron, and vitamin B6.
Ex. 12. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:
Протозоа, прості одноклітинні тваринні організми; захист; поглинати; знищувати, ліквідувати, анулювати; розчинений; стримувати; тимус|, вилочкова| (зобна) залоза; клітинно-опосередкована; контакт з|із| джерелом зараження; здібність до опору; грунтуватися на; вражати|приголомшувати| організм людини.
Ex. 13. Translate the text “Immune System” into Ukrainian.
Ex. 14. Insert the missing words:
1. The immune system is probably the most important _ in the human body. 2. It is a complex of organs, all of which work together to clear _ from the body. 3. The organs of the immune system are called _ organs. 4. The major parts of immune system are the _, spleen, lymph system, bone marrow, white blood cells, antibodies, and hormones. 5. Human body has many mechanisms that _ the person against infectious organisms. 6. The skin and gastrointestinal tract are the first lines of _. 7. The human organism has a specific capacity of resistance against infection called _ 8. There are two general categories of immune mechanisms: _ and cell-mediated.
Ex. 15. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the immune system? 2. What organs does the immune system consist of? 3. What is the main goal of the immune system? 4. What are the first lines of defense of the person against infectious organisms? 5. What categories of immune mechanisms do you know? 6. What is humoral immunity based on? 7. What is cell-mediated immunity based on? 8. What are the types of organisms that cause infectious disease?
Ex. 16. Match the following terms with their definitions:
1. Antibody
2. Antibody-mediated immunity
3. Humoral immunity 4. Immunity
5. Phagocyte
|
1. Cell possessing the property of ingesting bacteria, foreign particles, and other cells. 2. Resistance to infectious disease and harmful substances. 3. Immunity due to antibodies. 4. Immunity due to B cells and the production of antibodies. 5. Protein found in the plasma that is responsible for humoral immunity; binds specifically to antigen. |
Ex. 17. Insert the missing prepositions (for, into, from, of):
1. The majority _ organisms that can invade the human body do not produce disease, but some do. 2. The basic types _ organisms that cause infectious disease are bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. 3. Possible help _ the immune system is a healthy diet, with lots of natural sources of vitamins A, C and E, zinc, iron, and vitamin B6. 4. In active artificial immunity an antigen is introduced _ an individual to stimulate his/her immune system. 5. Active natural immunity results _ natural exposure to an antigen.
Ex. 18. Write out key sentences of the text “Immune System”.
Ex. 19. Speak on the immune system.
Ex. 20. Read the following text and compose detailed plan to it: