Routes of Drug Administration

Oral	Sublingual	Rectal	Parenteral	Vaginal	Inhalation	Topical
Tablets Capsules Solutions	Tablets	Suppositories	Injections: Subcutaneous Intradermal Intramuscular Intravenous Intrathecal Intracavitary	Suppositories	Aerosols	Lotions Creams Ointments

Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a drug? 2. What are drugs obtained from? 3. What dosage forms do you know? 4. What routes of drug administration are there? 5. What types of injections do you know?

Ex. 14. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:

Adverse ['xdvq:s] несприятливий, побічний; refer [rI'fq:] стосуватися, мати відношення до чогось; upset [Ap'set] порушення, розлад; benefit ['benefit] перевага; outweigh [out'weI] бути більш впливовим, поважним; approve схвалювати, стверджувати; evaluate оцінювати; trial ['traI(q)l] випробування, дослід.

Ex. 15. Read the following text and answer the following questions:

1. What is adverse drug reaction? 2. How to evaluate the safety of a drug? 3. How to avoid any risks of adverse drug reaction or drug poisoning?

Adverse drug reaction

Adverse drug reaction (ADR, or adverse drug effect) is a broad term referring to unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous effects that a drug may have. Some risks are not very serious, like an upset stomach. Others, like liver damage, are more serious. When a medicine's benefits outweigh its known risks, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it safe enough to approve. Both prescription and over-the-counter medicines (non-proscription) must be approved before they can be sold in the U.S. The FDA evaluates the safety of a drug by looking at side effects, how it's manufactured, results of animal testing and clinical trials, and more. The FDA also monitors a drug's safety after approval. To reduce the risk of a problem, follow the directions carefully when taking medicines. Make sure that your health care provider knows all of the medicines and supplements you are using. Also, make sure to mention if you are pregnant or nursing. Some medicines can hurt your baby. Make sure that you understand and follow the instructions on taking the drug.

Ex. 16. Find in the text “Adverse Drug Reaction” the equivalents for the following words and word-combinations:

Контролювати безпечність ліків; оцінювати безпечність ліків; клінічні дослідження (випробовування); перевага; схвалювати; розлад шлунку; небезпечний вплив; зменшити (скоротити) ризик.

Ex. 17. Match the definition with the proper terms:

1. A liquid suspension or dispersion for external application to the body. 2. A semisolid preparation for external application to the body, and usually containing a medicinal substance. 3. A medicated solution to be dropped into the conjunctival sac. 4. A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. 5. A medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifices of the body; its bases are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. 6. A soft, soluble container for enclosing a dose of medicine. 7. A substance made up of an aggregation (маса) of small particles, as that obtained by the grinding or trituration (подрібнення, перетирання) of a solid drug.

a) tablet b) capsule c) ear drop d) ointment e) suppository f) powder g) lotion h) aerosol i) eye drop

Ex. 18. Complete the following sentences with the words given below:

1. Please read this leaflet before you start _ HYTRIN (HI-TRIN). 2. Also read it each time you get a new _. 3. HYTRIN is used to _ hypertension and _ prostatic hyperplasia in men. 4. HYTRIN works by _ blood vessels so that the blood passes through them more easily. 5. HYTRIN can cause a sudden drop in blood pressure after the first _ . 6. _ HYTRIN and all medicines out of the reach of children.

a) treat; b) contracting, c) keep, d) relieve, e) dose, f) taking, g) relaxing, h) prescription, i) benign.

Ex. 19. Put the verbs into correct tense forms and translate the following sentences:

1. (to take) two of these capsules three times a day after meals. 2. Barbiturates are drugs, which (to use) often in the treatment of emotional disorders. 3. Many herbs (to know) for their healing properties. 4. The medicine (to be) so effective that he was almost back to normal within a few days. 5. Acetaminophen (to come) as a tablet, chewable tablet, capsule, suspension or solution (liquid). 6. Acetaminophen may also (to use) in combination with aspirin and caffeine to relieve the pain associated with migraine headache.

Ex. 20. Make up a plan to the text “Drugs: Their Main Characteristics and Forms”.

Ex. 21. Speak on the main characteristics and forms of drugs.

Ex. 22. Pronounce and translate the words and word-combinations to the theme studied:

Neuropharmacological; neoplastic drugs; blood clotting; to relieve uncomfortable symptoms; antihistamine; analgesic (analgetic) ["xnxl'GesIk] анальгетик, аналгезуючий засіб; indigestion ["IndI'GesC(q)n] порушення травлення; unwanted variation in heart rhythm ["vFqrI'eIS(q)n; rIDm]; anticoagulant ['xntIkqu'xgjulqnt] антикоагулянт; речовина, що затримує згортання крові; mood-lifting drug; antifungal антигрибковий, протигрибковий; antipyretic ['xntIpaI'retIk] жарознижувальний засіб; антипіретик; antiviral ['xntI'vaIrql] противірусний; bronchodilator; asthma ['xsmq]; suppress [sq'pres] пригнічувати; hypnotic [hIp'nOtIk] снодійне (засіб); laxative ['lxksqtIv] проносне (засіб); constipation закреп; nitrate ['naItreIt]; angina [xn'GaInq] стенокардія; vasodilator авзодилатор, судинорозширювальне (засіб).

Ex. 23. Read and translate the following text: