- •О.О. Пісоцька
- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Immune system
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Immune system
- •Immunity
- •Overview
- •Lesson 35
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Functions of “one”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Overview
- •Lesson 36
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Infinitive and its forms
- •Інфінітив у формі|у формі| Continuous| виражає тривалу дію, що відбувається одночасно з дією, вираженою дієсловом-присудком:
- •Інфінітив у формі|у формі| Perfect| виражає|виказує,висловлює| дію, що передує дії, вираженій дієсловом-присудком:
- •Subjective infinitive construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Endocrine system
- •Ex. 16. Translate the text “Endocrine System” into Ukrainian.
- •Endocrine glands
- •Functions of hormones
- •Ex. 34. Speak on the some endocrine glands using obtained data. You may use the following expressions:
- •Thyroid gland
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Hormonal problems
- •Ex. 7. Translate the text “Hormonal Problems” into Ukrainian.
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar:
- •Objective infinitive construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Diabetes mellitus
- •Insulin injection
- •Medication
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Drugs: their main characteristics and forms
- •Routes of Drug Administration
- •Adverse drug reaction
- •Drug classes
- •Proper use of medicine
- •Vitamins
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Forms of gerund
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Vitamins
- •Importance of vitamin d
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Gerund construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 9. Read the following text: medicinal herbs
- •Decoction
- •The using of medicinal herbs
- •Treating by medicinal herbs
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building conversion
- •Grammar:
- •Reading and developing skills
- •Antibiotics
- •Ex. 18. Make up a dialogue on antibiotics.
- •Penicillin
- •Lesson 43
- •I. Read and translate one of the following texts: Text a thyroid diseases
- •Allergy
- •Text c medicinal herbs
- •Text d antibiotics
- •Text e history of antibiotics
- •Text f side effects
- •II. Speak on the following topics:
- •Word-building
- •Nervous system
- •Various forms of nerve cells.
- •Spinal cord
- •Overview
- •Lesson 45
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Sequence of tenses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 20. Read the following abstract and write down all unknown medical terms. Translate them with the aid of dictionary. Tell about the hypothalamic functions: hypothalamus
- •Human brain and its functions
- •What is wonderful about the brain?
- •Overview
- •Lesson 46
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Disorders of nervous system
- •Infections
- •Ex. 8. Read and memorize the following words:
- •Degenerative disorders
- •Ex. 16. Write the summary of the text "Degenerative Disorders" overview
- •Lesson 47
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Adverbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 4. Read the vocabulary and memorize new words. Ex. 5. Insert the missing letters, read the following words and translate them:
- •Accessory structures
- •Eye placement
- •Overview
- •Lesson 48
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Noun as attribute
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ear disorders
- •Communicating with a hearing-impaired person
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Forms of participle
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •What is your skin type
- •Ex. 26. Read and translate the following text: skin disorders
- •Lesson 50
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Absolute participle construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Respiratory system
- •Normal ventilation
- •Smoking
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: absolute participle construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Respiratory disorders
- •Tracheobronchitis and bronchitis
- •Disorders of the sinuses and throat
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Construction “it is (was, will be ) … that (who, whom)”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Overview
- •Lesson 53
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Infectious diseases and their types
- •Subgroups of the infectious diseases
- •Overview
- •Text a tuberculosis
- •Disorders of vision
- •Bronchitis
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Objective participle construction
- •The Objective Participle Construction перекладається підрядним реченням зі сполучником “як”: I saw them walking along the street.Я бачив, як вони йшли по вулиці.
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Urinary system
- •Ex. 20. Make up a dialogue on the urinary system.
- •Functions of urinary system
- •Fluid excretion
- •Kidneys
- •Ex. 26. Describe the structure of kidney using the following figure:
- •Ex. 27 Describe kidneys’ functions. The following expressions may be helpful:
- •Ex. 28. Write the summary of the text "Kidneys".
- •Overview
- •Lesson 56
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Functions of the verb “to have”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Kidneys disorders
- •Kidney stones
- •Ex. 23. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:
- •Kidney transplantation
- •Overview
- •Lesson 57
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Functions of the verb “to be”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 8. Read and memorize the following terms:
- •Ex. 21. Write the summary of the text “Cancer”.
- •New methods to fight cancer
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Interrogative form (Revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 8. Translate the following words into English:
- •Stomach tumor
- •Ex. 18. Give a summary of the text “Stomach Tumor”.
- •Lung cancer
- •Tumors of the small intestine
- •Cancer of the kidney
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Pregnancy
- •Food and nutrition during pregnancy
- •Development of the organ systems
- •Signs of pregnancy
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: simple tenses (revision)
- •Reading and developing skills
- •Death; embryo; adolescent; occur; amount; achieve; subsequent; myelin sheath; push; raise; grasp; listen; quietly; laugh; loud.
- •First year after birth
- •Development during the preschool years
- •School years
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Interrogative form
- •Reading and developing reading skills
- •Newborn’s nutrition
- •Breast feeding
- •Infant’s nutrition
- •Nutrition of preschool child
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar: modal verbs (revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Childhood infectious diseases
- •Chickenpox
- •Immunization
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar:
- •Infinitive constructions and participles (revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Measles
- •Complications of measles
- •Some notions about measles
- •I. Read and translate one of the following texts: Text a female reproductive system
- •Male reproductive system
- •Infertility
- •Breast cancer
- •Whooping cough
- •Treatment for whooping cough
- •II. Speak on the following topics:
- •Appendix 1
- •Irregular verbs
- •Appendix 2 suffixes and term-elements
- •Term elements of greek and latin origin greek, latin, english and ukrainian equivalents
- •Короткий довідник з правил словотворення
- •Найуживаніші суфікси англійської мови:
- •Основні префікси:
- •Practical grammar guide
- •(Короткий граматичний довідник)
- •Іменник
- •(Cases)
- •Артикль (article)
- •Займенники (pronouns)
- •Прикметник (adjective)
- •Найвищий ступінь порівняння прикметників (Superlative Degree)
- •Порядок слів у реченні.
- •Побудова розповідних і питальних речень
- •Способи визначення присудка в англійському реченні
- •Неозначено-особові речення
- •Безособові речення.
- •Форми дієслова forms of the verb
- •Часи групи simple (indefinite) present simple
- •Past simple
- •Future simple
- •Simple tenses
- •Часи групи continuous
- •Present continuous
- •Past continuous
- •Future continuous
- •Continuous tenses
- •Perfect tenses
- •Present perfect
- •Past perfect
- •Future perfect
- •Perfect tenses
- •Стан дієслова
- •Passive voice
- •Зведена таблиця часів стверджувальної форми
- •Зведена таблиця питальної форми
- •Interrogative form
- •Дієслова to be та to have
- •Ознаки функціональної відмінності дієслова to be
- •Модальні дієслова (modal verbs)
- •Модальне дієслово can
- •Модальне дієслово could
- •Модальне дієслово may
- •Модальне дієслово must
- •Ознаки розпізнавання граматичних форм, утворених за допомогою допоміжних дієслів should I would
- •Підрядні додаткові та означальні речення (object clauses)
- •Виділення членів речення за допомогою підсилювальної конструкції it is (was, will be) ... That (who, which)
- •Умовний спосіб
- •(Infinitive)
- •Об’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (Objective Infinitive Construction)
- •Дієприкметник
- •Об’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс (Objective Participle Construction)
- •The Objective Participle Construction перекладається підрядним реченням зі сполучником “як”: I saw them walking along the street. – я бачив, як вони йшли по вулиці. Герундій (gerund)
- •Форми герундія
- •Герундіальний комплекс (зворот) (Gerund Construction)
- •Узгодження часів у підрядному додатковому реченні
- •Vocabulary список використаної літератури
- •О.О. Пісоцька і.В. Знаменська в.Г. Костенко
Vitamins
Vitamins are substances that are essential in certain chemical transformations in the human body. They help the body process proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Certain vitamins also contribute to the production of blood cells, hormones, genetic material, and chemicals of the nervous system.
Vitamins exist in minute quantities in food. Most vitamins cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through the diet. Since no single food item or nutrient class provides all the essential vitamins, it is necessary to eat a variety of foods. For example, vitamin A is needed for the eyes and to keep the linings of the bronchial, urinary, and intestinal tracts healthy; vitamin C is needed for the development of bones, teeth, blood vessels, and other tissues; vitamin K is necessary for blood clotting; and vitamin D is also needed for the development of bones and teeth.
The principal vitamins are: vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, pantothenic acid (part of the B2 complex), vitamin B3, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin H (often considered part of the B-vitamin group), and vitamin K.
Some vitamins (e.g., vitamin K) are produced by intestinal bacteria, and a few can be formed by the body from substances called provitamins (portions of vitamins that can be assembled or modified by the body into functional vitamins). Carotene is an example of a provitamin that can be modified by the body to form vitamin A. Vitamins are used by the body in their original or slightly modified forms. Once the chemical structure of a vitamin is destroyed, its function is usually lost. The chemical structure of many vitamins is destroyed by heat (e.g., when food is overcooked).
There are two major classes of vitamins: fat soluble and water soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamins A, D, E, and K are absorbed from the intestine along with lipids, and some of them can be stored in the body for a long period of time. Because they can be stored, it is possible to accumulate an overdose of these vitamins in the body (hypervitaminosis) to the point of toxicity. Water-soluble vitamins such as the B complex and C are absorbed with water from the intestinal tract and remain in the body only a short time before excreted.
The absence of a specific vitamin in the diet can result in a specific deficiency disease.
Ex. 11. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:
Зберігати; сприяти; живлення|харчування|, їжа; пантотенова кислота; збирати; кількість; неістотний|несуттєвий|, незначний; брак|нестача|, дефіцит; компонент їжі; фолієва| кислота; згортання; розчинний.
Ex. 12. Translate the text “Vitamins” into Ukrainian:
Ex. 13. Insert the missing words:
1. Vitamins are _ that are essential in certain chemical transformations in the human body. 2. They help the body process _, carbohydrates, and fats. 3. Most vitamins cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through the _. 4. Vitamin A is needed for the eyes and to keep the _ of the bronchial, urinary, and intestinal tracts healthy; vitamin C is needed for the development of bones, teeth, blood vessels, and other tissues; and vitamin D is also needed for the development of _ and teeth. 5. Some vitamins are produced by intestinal bacteria, and a few can be formed by the _ from substances called provitamins. 6. Once the chemical structure of a vitamin is _, its function is usually lost. 7. There are two major classes of vitamins: _ -soluble and _ -soluble. 8. _-soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E, and K. 9. _-soluble vitamins are the B complex and C.
Ex. 14. Answer the following questions:
1. What are vitamins? 2. What is the function of vitamins? 3. What principal vitamins do you know? 4. How are some vitamins produced by the body? 5. In what form are vitamins used by the body? 6. What classes are the vitamins divided into?
Ex. 15. Insert the prepositions:
1. Vitamins A and D are stored _ the liver. 2. Reserves of vitamins A and D may be sufficient _ 6 months. 3. Vitamins A and D can produce toxic effects when taken _ excessive amounts. 4. Although it is popularly believed that the water-soluble vitamins are harmless when taken _ large amounts, this is not always true. 5. Some of the water-soluble vitamins may have strong medicinal effects – good and bad – when taken _ large amounts. 6. _ large doses, B vitamin can cause nerve damage.
Ex. 16. Write out key sentences of the text “Vitamins”.
Ex. 17. Make up a plan of the text “Vitamins”.
Ex. 18. Give a summary of the text “Vitamins”.
Ex. 19. Speak on the vitamins.
Ex. 20. Read the following text and entitle it:
Vitamins are compounds that you must have to growth and health. They are needed in small amounts only and are usually available in the foods that you eat. Vitamin A is necessary for normal growth and health and for healthy eyes and skin. Lack of vitamin A may lead to a rare condition called night blindness (problems seeing in the dark), as well as dry eyes, eye infections, skin problems, and slowed growth. Your physician may treat these problems by prescribing vitamin A for you. Vitamin A is found in various foods including yellow-orange fruits and vegetables; dark green, leafy vegetables; whole milk; and margarine. Vitamin A comes in different forms. The form of vitamin A found in plants is called beta-carotene. Food processing may destroy some of the vitamins. For example freezing may reduce the amount of vitamin A in foods. Vitamin A is stored in the body and taking too much over a period of time can cause poisoning.
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is necessary for normal metabolism. Lack of vitamin B2 may lead to itching and burning eyes, sensitivity of eyes to light, sore tongue, itching skin on the nose, and sores in the mouth. Vitamin B2 is found in various foods, including milk and dairy products, fish, meat, green leafy vegetables, and whole grain and enriched cereals and bread.
Vitamin B12 is necessary for healthy blood. Cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin are man-made forms of vitamin B12. Lack of vitamin B12 may lead to anemia, stomach problems, and nerve damage. Vitamin B12 is found in various foods, including fish, egg yolk, milk, and fermented cheeses. It is not found in any vegetables.
Vitamin E prevents a chemical reaction called oxidation, which can sometimes result in harmful effects in the human body. Lack of vitamin E is extremely rare, except in people who have a disease in which it is not absorbed into the body. Vitamin E is found in various foods including vegetable oils (corn, soybean), wheat germ, whole-grain cereals, and green leafy vegetables. Vitamin E is stored in the body and taking too much over a period of time may cause harmful effects.
Vitamin K is necessary for normal clotting of the blood. Vitamin K is found in various foods including green leafy vegetables, meat, and dairy products. If you eat a balanced diet containing these foods, you should be getting all the vitamin K you need. Little vitamin K is lost from foods with ordinary cooking. Lack of vitamin K is rare but may lead to problems with blood clotting and increased bleeding. Vitamin K is routinely given to newborn infants to prevent bleeding problems. It is found in spinach, vegetable oils, and cabbage.
Vitamin D is necessary for strong bones and teeth. Lack of vitamin D may lead to a condition called rickets, especially in children, in which bones and teeth are weak. In adults it may cause a condition called osteomalacia, in which calcium is lost from bones so that they become weak. Vitamin D is sometimes used to treat other diseases in which calcium is not used properly by the body. Vitamin D is found naturally only in fish and fish-liver oils. However, it is also found in other foods such as milk and bread to which it has been added. Cooking does not affect the vitamin D in foods. Vitamin D is sometimes called the “sunshine vitamin” since it is made in the skin when the human is exposed to sunlight. If you eat a balanced diet and get outside in the sunshine, you should be getting all the vitamin D you need.
Ex. 21. Give a summary of the text (ex. 20).
Ex. 22. Try to organize obtained information in the form of the following table:
Name of vitamin |
Conditions caused by lack of vitamin |
Products containing vitamin |
Functions of vitamin |
Vitamin A |
|
|
|
Vitamin B2 |
|
|
|
Vitamin B12 |
|
|
|
Vitamin E |
|
|
|
Vitamin K |
|
|
|
Vitamin D |
|
|
|
Ex. 23. Make up the dialogue using the obtained information (ex. 22).
Ex. 24. Read and translate the following words:
Enhance; ultimately; herring; mackerel; salmon; cereals; interfere; supplement; seizure.
Ex. 25. Read and translate the following text: