- •2. Stylistic Lexicology: classification and distinctive features of the main layers of the English vocabulary
- •3. Stylistic Morphology: Transposition of the notional parts of speech.
- •4. Stylistic Phonetics
- •5. Stylistic Semasiology: Stylistic devices based on the interaction of different types of lexical meaning
- •7.Principles of the Literary Text Structure Cohesion
- •1) Situational (registerial) coherence
- •2) Generic (жанрова)
- •III. Intentionality and IV. Acceptibility
- •9. Literary Text Setting: types and functions
- •8.Literary Text Character Types and Methods of Characterization
- •10. Aspects of Translator Reliability
- •11. Transformations in Translation
- •12.Define the notion of Science and Scientific Schools
- •Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
- •The structuralists
- •The London School
- •Noam Chomsky and Generative Grammar
- •The Contemporary Scene
- •Publication
- •General scientific summaries
- •Instructions
- •14 Define the main principles of language classification
- •16 Dwell on the development of the English graphemics
- •18. Old English Verb Paradigm
- •15.Speak on the Germanic invasion of Britain and its role in the formation of the nation and the language
- •20Methodology and related sciences.
- •21. Ian Comenius and his Method
- •23.Traditional Approaches to Language Teaching
- •22.Methodology of tefl: basic categories and aims.
- •24. Grammatical categories and grammatical forms
- •27. Verbals in English
- •28. The category of Voice (c of V)
- •29. Classification of sentences
- •30. Classification of Phrases
- •31. The definition and dimensions of communication
- •32. Components of the communication process
- •33. Modern Communication Theories
- •2. Language Expectancy Theory
- •3. Psycho-linguistic theory
- •4. Framing theory
- •5. Network theory
- •6. Social cognitive theory
- •34. Barriers of Communication
- •35. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication
- •36. Models of the Communication Process
- •37. Word meaning
- •38. Polysemy and homonymy in the English language
- •39. Word Formation: basic problem, definition, types
- •40. Borrowings in the English Language
- •1. According to the aspect which is borrowed,
- •2. According to the degree of assimilation,
- •3. According to the language from which the word was borrowed.
- •Italian Borrowings
- •41. Phraseological Units: definition & classifications
- •42. Semantic classification of words
- •43. Generative - Transformational Grammar: general characteristics.
- •44. The Scope of the Study of Pragmatics
- •45. General Methods of Obtaining and Processing Linguistic Data
- •Methods
- •1. Informants – an empirical, active method
- •2. Recording – an empirical, active, instrumental method
- •3. Elicitation (встановлення правди)
- •4. Experiments
- •5. The comparative method. The reconstruction technique.
- •7. Computer Techniques
- •46. Basics concepts of lcs: background knowledge, communicative competence.
- •47. Realia as linguo-cultural elements of Linguo-Country studies. Classification of realia.
- •48. Prehistoric Britain. Celtic words in Modern English
- •49 ) English language chronology and highlights or the british history
- •50. English as Lingua Franca for the Modern World. Standard English & Received Pronunciation
42. Semantic classification of words
Semantic classific of words.Semantic similarity or polarity of words mb observed in the similarity of their denotational or connotational mean. Similarity or polarity of the denotational component of lex mean is to be found in lex groups of synonyms & antonyms. Synonymy & antonymy are usually felt to be correlative notions: firstly b/c the criterion of synonymy is semantic similarity which is in exact opposition to the criterion of antonymy – semantic polarity. Secondly, b/c synonymy & antonymy seem to overlap in a number of cases (daddy-parent denotational mean is similar but their styl reference is opposite).
Synonyms, classific. Synonyms are words different in sound-form but similar in their denotational meaning. Synonymous relationship is observed only btw similar denotational means of phonemically different words. Similarity of denotaional mean of all members of the synonymic set is combined with a certain difference in the mean of each other. In Engl there are a lot of syn b/c there are many borrowings. After a word is borrowed it undergoes desynonymization, b/c absolute syn are unnecessary for a lang. The only existing classification of syn was established by Vinogradov: ideographic(words conveying the same concept but differing in shades of mean), stylistic(differing in st characteristics), absolute(coinciding in all their shades of mean and in all their st characteristics). Total syn are vary rare(scarlet fever-scarlatina;motherland-fatherland;noun-substantative); ideographic syn bear the same idea but not identical in their referential content (happen-occure-befall-chance); dialectal (queue-line,autumn-fall,lift-elevator); contextual syn – words with different mean can become syn in certain context (clever-bright-brainy-intelligent); stylistic syn belong to different styles (child-neutral,infant-elevated,kid-colloquial); terminological syn (concept-notion, borrowing- loan-word).
Criteria and sources of synonyms.Recently attempts have been made to introduce into definition of synonymy the criterion of interchangeability in linguistic context. It is argued that for the linguistic similarity of meaning implies that the words are synonymous if either of them can occur in the same context. A more acceptable definition of synonyms seems to be the following: synonyms are words different in their sound form, but similar in their denotational meaning or meanings and interchangeable at least at some context.
One of the sources is borrowing. Synonymy has its characteristic PATTERNS IN EACH LANGUAGE. ITS PECULIAR FEATURE IN ENGL IS THE CONTRAST BTW SIMPLE NATIVE WORDS stylistically neutral, literary words borrowed from Fr and learned words of Greco- Latin origin. There are also words that came from the dialects, in the last 100 years from American English ( radio AM- wireless BR). Synonyms are also created by means of all word-forming processes productive In the language ( assimilation and dissimilation). Many words are now marked as archaic or obsolete which have dropped out of the language in the competition of synonyms, others survived with a meaning more or less different from the original one. This process is called synonymic differentiation and is so current that is regarded as an inherent law of language development.
Antonyms. Classification. Antonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech, identical in style, expressing contrary or contradictory notions. Mb class into 2 groups: absolute or root antonyms (late- early) and derivational ant (to please- to displease). Absolute antonyms have different roots and derivational ant have the same roots but different afiixes. Antonyms are formed with the help of such suffixes: un, dis, non, ful, less. Absolute and derivational antonyms also differ in semantics. Derivational antonyms express contradictory notions, one of them excludes the other (active- inactive). Absolute express contrary notions. Like synonyms, perfect and complete antonyms are rare. Interchangeability is typical of antonyms as well. In a context where one member of the antonymous pair can be used, it is interchangeable with the other member. It is also observed that in certain antonymic pair one of the members has a more generalized or abstract denotational meaning and in some contexts cannot be replaced by the other members of the antonymic pair.