26. Blood кров. Зараження крові

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Oxygen [‘oksidZ(ə)n], nutrient [‘nju:triənt], essentially [I’sen∫(ə)li], aqueous [‘eikwiəs],serum [‘siərəm], protein [‘prəuti:n], erythrocyte [ə’riθrəsait], leukocyte [‘lju:kəsait], platelet [‘pleitlit], hemoglobin [,h:mo(u)’gloubin], parasite [‘pærəsait], thrombocyte [‘θrombosait], insufficient [insə’fi∫(ə)nt], through [θru:], hepatitis [hepə’taitis].

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

To oxygenate збагачувати киснем

To dissolve розчиняти

Carbon dioxide вуглекислий газ

To deliver доставляти

Nutrient поживна речовина

Waste products продукти життєдіяльності, відходи

Trace amount сліди (дуже незначна кількість)

To refer (to) відноситись до

Clotting зсідання (крові), коагуляція

Platelet пластинка

Iron залізо

To facilitate сприяти, полегшувати

To resist протистояти

Insufficient недостатній

Bleeding кровотеча

Vector вектор, носій (інфекції)

To transmit передавати

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) ВІЛ

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) СНІД

Exercise 3. Translate into Ukrainian:

Bodily fluid, waste products, whole blood, aqueous solution, iron-containing protein, to facilitate transportation of oxygen, the most numerous cellular elements, the clotting of blood, bleeding disorders, an important vector of infection, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, to be transmitted through contact of blood.

Word-building

Negative prefix in-(im-, ir-, il-) ____________________________________________

Sufficient ≠ insufficient

Possible ≠ impossible (im-+ B,M,P)

Regular ≠ irregular (ir- +R)

Legal ≠ illegal (il- +L)

_____________________________________________

Exercise 4. Make up the words with the opposite meaning by means of suffix in- (im-, ir-, il-) and translate them.

Effective, perfect, sufficient, real, responsible, adequate, reversible, moral, logical, personal, movable, frequent, resistant

Grammar

Participles

___________________________________________

The doctor examining the patient was my father.

The patient examined by the doctor was my father.

___________________________________________

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the form of Participles:

1.Oxygenated blood is bright-red.

2. In most insects, their “blood”, called hemolymph, does not contain oxygen-carrying molecules such as hemoglobin.

3. The combined surface area of all red blood cells of the human body 2,000 times as great as the body’s exterior surface.

4. Blood plasma is an aqueous solution containing 92% of water.

5. The proportion of blood occupied by red blood cells is normally about 45%.

6. Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients and removes wast products.

7. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of metabolism produced by cells.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

BLOOD

Blood is a bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body’s cells – such as oxygen and nutrients – and transports waste products away from the cells.

It is composed of blood cells and blood plasma.

About 55% of whole blood is plasma. The blood plasma volume is 2.7-3.0 liters in an average human. It is essentially an aqueous solution containing 92% of water, 8% of proteins, and trace amount of other materials. The term serum refers to plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed.

The blood cells are red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes) and white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelet.

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, which facilitates transportation of oxygen. Red blood cells are the most numerous cellular elements.

White blood cells are part of the immune system. They help to resist infections and parasites.

Platelets (thrombocytes) are important in the clotting of blood. Ineffective or insufficient platelets can result in bleeding disorders. Hypercoagulation can cause thrombosis.

Blood is an important vector of infection. HIV, the virus, which causes AIDS, is transmitted through contact with blood, semen or other body secretions of an infected person. Hepatitis B and C are transmitted primarily through blood contact.

Bacterial infection of the blood is bacteremia or sepsis.

Medical terms related to blood often begin with hemo- or hemato- (also spelled haemo- and haemato-).

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 7. Complete the questions to the text and answer them:

1. What elements …?

2. What amount of proteins …?

3. Is hemoglobin …?

4. Do leukocytes help …?

5. What blood cells are important in …?

6. What viruses are…?

7. What terms often begin with …?

Exercise 8. Choose from the text synonymic words and expressions to the given ones:

erythrocyte, leukocyte, thrombocyte, sepsis, coagulation, hemorrhage, required substances, to make easier, to result in, to convey, water solution, the source of infection.

Exercise 9. Insert the proper participle:

1. Blood (associating, associated) with a large number of believes (вірування) is a symbol for family relationships.

2. Viral infections (transmitting, transmitted) through blood are extremely dangerous to people.

3. Arteries are blood vessels (carrying, carried) blood from the heart.

4. Hepatitis B is transmitted by (infecting, infected) blood or blood products, or Hemoglobin is an iron- (containing, contained) protein.

5. Nutrients (dissolving, dissolved) in blood are delivered to the body’s tissues.

Exercise 10. Define the terms:

1. Blood is …

2. Blood plasma is …

3. are …

4. Leukocytes are …

5. Thrombocytes are …

6. Blood plasma is …

7. Sepsis is …

Exercise 11. a) Retell the text; b) Prepare an oral report on:

1) the diseases transmitted through blood;

2) blood groups

TEST

1. Blood is a bodily … delivering required substances to the body’s cells.

1. liquid

2. fluid

3. water

4. plasma

5. serum

2. Blood plasma contains … of proteins.

1. 55%

2. 92%

3. 8%

4. 7-3.0%

5. trace amount

3. Red blood cells provide …

1. resistance to infections

2. transportation of oxygen

3. clotting of blood

4. sepsis

5. bleeding disorders

4. The abbreviation AIDS means …

1. acute immune disease syndrome

2. acquired immune disease syndrome

3. acute immune deficiency syndrome

4. acquired immune deficiency syndrome

5. acquired immune disease sign

5. Red blood cells are the most … blood elements.

1. many

2. number

3. much

4. numerous

5. very

6. Choose the word synonymic to the underlined one.

Hemoglobin facilitates transportation of oxygen.

1. carries out

2. transmits

3. provides

4. makes easier

5. transports

7. Ineffective or insufficient platelets … bleeding disorders.

1. cause

2. be transmitted by

3. result from

4. deliver

5. infect

8. Blood … blood cells and blood plasma.

1. makes

2. composes

3. composed

4. is composed of

5. include

9. HIV is transmitted … blood contact.

1. in b) on c) through d) into e) at

10. Medical terms related to blood often begin … hemo- or hemato-.

1. to b) by c) in d) of e) with