- •1. My future profession моя майбутня спеціальність
- •My future profession
- •2. Odessa state medical university одеський державний медичний університет
- •Odessa state medical university
- •3. Nikolay ivanovich pirogov микола іванович пирогов
- •Nikolay ivanovich pirogov
- •From theory to surgery
- •4. Human body будова тіла людини
- •Human body
- •5. The oral cavity ротова порожнина
- •The oral cavity
- •Some facts from the history of medicine and dentistry
- •Anatomy of a tooth анатомія зуба
- •Anatomy of a tooth
- •Supporting Structures
- •Anatomy of individual teeth
- •7. Sets of teeth набір зубів
- •Sets of teeth
- •The number and surfaces of the teeth кількість та поверхні зубів
- •The number of the teeth The Deciduous Teeth
- •The Permanent Teeth
- •Surfaces of the teeth
- •9. Dental formulas. Tooth roots зубна формула. Корні зубів
- •Dental formulas
- •Tooth roots
- •Tooth roots
- •10. Oral hygiene гігієна ротової порожнини
- •Oral hygiene and the prevention of dental disease
- •Tooth brushing and plaque removal
- •11. Caries. Causes of caries карієс. Причини карієсу
- •Caries. Causes of caries
- •12. Pulp diseases хвороби пульпи
- •Pulp diseases
- •13. Periodontal diseases хвороби періодонта
- •Periodontal diseases
- •(Down, by, to, of, at, in, on, with)
- •14. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis лікування виразкового гінгівіту
- •Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
- •(Down, after, off, for, by, to, from, of, at, in, on, with, before)
- •15. The examination of the oral cavity огляд ротової поожнини
- •The examination of the oral cavity
- •Examination of the teeth
- •16. Case his tories історія хвороби. Стоматологічний аналіз
- •Case history
- •Case history
- •17. Dental radiography стоматологічна рентгенологія
- •Dental radiography
- •18. Dental anesthesia стоматологічна анестезія
- •Dental anesthesia
- •19. Analgetics in dentistry анальгетики у стоматологічній практиці
- •Analgetics in dentistry
- •20. Dental instruments стоматологічне обладнання
- •Dental instruments
- •21. At a chemist’s в аптеці
- •At the chemist’s
- •22. Oral candidiasis кандидоз ротової порожнини
- •Oral candidiasis
- •Classification
- •Risk factors
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •23. Teeth malformation аномалії розвитку зубів
- •Teeth malformation
- •Teeth malformation
- •24. Oral cancer рак ротової порожнини
- •Oral cancer
- •(By, to, of, at, in, on, with)
- •25. Writing a summary складання summary
- •Writing a summary
- •Cleft lip (harelip)
- •Odontogenic cysts
- •26. Blood кров. Зараження крові
- •27. Systems of the body системи організму людини
- •Systems of the body
- •28. History of dentistry історія стоматології
- •History of dentistry
- •History of dentistry
- •29. The evolution of dental technologies. Modern dental technologies сучасна стоматологія. Відомі відкриття у стоматології
- •The evolution of dental technologies
- •Modern dental technologies
- •Modern dental technologies
- •Air Abrasion
10. Oral hygiene гігієна ротової порожнини
PART I
PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:
hygiene, entail , plaque remnant ['remnant], inconvenient ,substitute [sΛbstitju:t], method, detergent , alternative,additional .
Exercise 2 . Learn the following words:
Measure ['meə] засіб
Remnant ['remnant] залишки
Debris ['debri] відкладення, наліт
Occasion [ə'kein] випадок
Plain [plein] простий
Raw [] свіжий, сирий
Rinse [rins] ополіскування
Firm [fə:m] твердий
Substitute [sΛbstitju:t] замінник
Tough [tΛf] жорсткий
Exercise 3. Find the equivalent:
1. Resistance of teeth to disease |
1. Першопричина карієсу та захворювань пародонту |
2. The primary cause of caries and periodontal disease |
2. Стійкість зубів до захворювань
|
3. Satisfactory alternative to brushing |
3. Полоскання рота звичайною водою |
4. Plain water mouth rinse |
4. Усунення залишків їжі |
5. Elimination of food stagnation |
5.Утримання зубів чистими від залишків їжі |
6. Keeping the teeth free from food debris |
6.Задовільна альтернатива чищенню |
Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalent to the following word combinations:
Dental disorders, elimination of food stagnation, bacterial irritation, dental health education, resistance of teeth to disease, detergent food, by virtue of…, tough fibrous consistency, to scour the teeth clean of food remnants, a plain water mouth rinse, food particles, a satisfactory alternative to brushing, an additional measure.
Exercise 5. Translate into Ukrainian using Active or Passive voice:
Every tooth (to insert) into the jaw by its root.
Dentine (to occupy) the interior of the crown and root, and is very sensitive to pain.
Because the important tooth comes through at such an early date and (not to replace) a temporary tooth, it (to overlook) and (to permit) to decay.
The duct from the parotid gland (to pass forward) through the check to open into the buccal sulcus.
Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:
Oral hygiene and the prevention of dental disease
Most dental disorders arise from two basic diseases of the teeth and their supporting tissues — caries and periodontal disease. Prevention of dental disease therefore entails elimination of food stagnation, as this is the primary cause of caries and periodontal disease. Food stagnation causes plaque formation; which leads to acid production, in the case of caries; and to bacterial irritation and calculus in periodontal disease. The methods of prevention are oral hygiene; preventive dentistry; dental health education and increasing the resistance of teeth to disease.
Oral hygiene consists simply of keeping the teeth free from food debris,2 thus preventing plaque formation which leads to dental disease. It can be achieved by cleaning the teeth regularly after meals and not eating between meals. Cleaning is best performed by brushing as this is the only way3 of removing plaque. If brushing is not possible, food debris can be removed by finishing the meal with a detergent food (raw, firm, fibrous fruits or vegetables, e.g. apples, pears, carrots, celery, etc.) By virtue of their tough fibrous consistency they require much chewing and thereby scour the teeth clean of food remnants. It may be inconvenient to brush the teeth or eat an apple after meals when you are not at home. On such occasions a plain water mouth rinse, which can be swallowed afterwards, is better than nothing. Of all these methods of cleaning teeth, tooth brushing is the most effective. When properly done4 it removes plaque, whereas detergent foods can only clean away loose food particles. Detergent foods or mouth rinsing is not a satisfactory alternative to brushing; it is an additional measure at the end of a meal, or a substitute when brushing is not possible.
1which in turn — який, в свою чергу…
2keeping the teeth free from food debris — утримування зубів чистими від залишків їжі
3the only way — єдиний шлях
4when properly done — за умови правильного виконання
POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 7. Answer the questions:
What do most disorders arise from?
Why does prevention of dental disease entail elimination of food stagnation?
What does food stagnation cause?
What methods of prevention do you know?
How can plaque formation be prevented?
What is oral hygiene?
Why is cleaning best performed by brushing?
How can food debris be removed if brushing is not possible?
What detergent food can you name?
What one must do if brushing or eating an apple is not possible?
Is plain water mouth rinse a satisfactory alternative to brushing?
What is the most effective method of cleaning teeth?
When does tooth brushing remove plaque?
Exercise 8. Translate the following words putting each of them into the appropriate column of the table according to the part of speech they belong to:
Dental, basic, rinse, particle, debris, , to substitute, free ,to remove, periodontal, simply, primary, to clean, brushing, bacterial, to brush, oral, possible, оn , regularly, can, cleaning , to rinse meal, detergent, after, raw, firm, tough, mouth, at, fibrous, measure, inconvenient, effective, of, clean, consistency, from, satisfactory, additional, properly, to do.
Noun |
Verb |
Preposition |
Adjective |
Adverb |
measure |
to do |
of |
firm |
properly |
… |
… |
… |
… |
… |
Exercise 9. Explain the following terms in English:
Oral hygiene, alveolar abscess, pulpitis, normal occlusion.
Exercise 10. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
Прямо або опосередковано; зубний наліт; призводити до ...; уникнути; залишки їжі; утримувати зуби чистими від нальоту; сирий; за рахунок; де-небудь іще ; полоскання ротової порожнини водою; краще , ніж ніщо; чищення зубів зубною щіткою; тверді продукти; додатковий захід.
PART II
PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:
matrix , adhere , accessible , gingival previce, gum margin , periodontum , require.
Exercise 2 . Learn the following words:
Matrix матриця (пластина для тимчасового замiщення вiдсутньої стiнки зуба при його пломбуваннi)
Adhere прилипати, бути прикрiпленим
Accessible доступний
Gingival той, що вiдноситься до ясен
Gum margin край
Periodontum периодонт
Require потребувати
Tartar зубний камiнь
Dislodge витiсняти, видаляти
Requirement вимога, необхiдна умова
Mesial медiальний
Exercise 3. Find the equivalent:
Доступна поверхня зуба; край десни; нанести пасту; серединний; кругові рухи; стирання; абразiя; ретельно; весь процесс; инвалiди; правильно; той,що вiдноситься до прикусу; потребувати часу; мати тенденцiю.
Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions:
1. Pulp death is sometimes followed ... development ... chronic alveolar abscess.
2. The dead pulp decomposes and infected matherial passes ... the apical foramen ... the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone at the apex of the tooth.
3. The lower jaw is made ... ... two parts.
4. The roots of teeth are held in place ... sockets .... a membrane, which is called the periodontal membrane.
5. .... the ages of six and twelve or thirteen deciduous teeth loose and drop ... , and are promptly replaced ... the permanent ones.
6. While the temporary teeth are still ... place ... the mouth, the permanent teeth are commencing to form ... the jaw bone.
7. There are several sublingual ducts and these open ... the floor of the mouth just ... the orifice ... the submandibular duct.
8. The teeth must be brushed systematically... the morning, and ... the evening.
9. Not more than two teeth... a time should be brushed, and this should be done both
horizontally and vertically (away from the gums) ... the buccal and labial aspects,
and forwards and sideways ... the occlusal surface; and the total time, including
several cleansings of the bristles, need not exceed two or three minutes.
10. It is obvious that the brushing... teeth cannot be relied upon alone to prevent caries, but it should be regarded as an adjuvant to other means ... prophylaxis.
Exercise 5.Translate into English:
1. Зубнi щiтки застосовуються для видалення залишкiв їжi та зубного нальоту з усiх поверхонь зубiв та мiжзубних проміжків.
2. При захворюваннях пародонту слiд використовувати щiтку з бiльш м’якою щетиною.
3. Строк використання однiєї зубної щітки не більше ніж 6 місяців.
4. Рухи щітки при чищенні зубів мають бути направлені від шийки зуба у 5. бік ріжучого краю, тобто по вертикалі.
6. Зубні бляшки видаляються з поверхні зубів лише через 30 секунд після її 7. ретельної механічної обробки.
8. Багато хто не знає, як правильно та ефективно чистити зуби.
9. Тривалість чищення, як правило, складає не меньше трьох хвилин.
Exercise 6. Read and translate the text: