28. History of dentistry історія стоматології

PART I

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation and memorize the words:

Decay [di'kei], premature ['premətʃə], promote [prə'məut], ancient ['einʃənt], appearance [e'piərəns].

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary. Read the words and word combinations:

Decay руйнування

Premature tooth loss передчасна втрата зубів

Bow drill лучковий бур

Bead craftsman бусинковий ремісник

Tooth worm зубний черв’як

Promote підтримувати, сприяти

Ancient давній, античний

Exercise 3. Read and translate the following word combinations:

Tooth decay, as far back as, tooth related disorders, to cure diseases, reconstruction, an evidence of the belief, ancient chronicles, periodontal diseases, ancients civilization.

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences paying attention to the use of Tenses and make questions to the underlined words:

1. The X-ray examination has already revealed the inflammation in the 3d left lower molar.

2. The duration of the surgery depends on the severity of the disease.

3. About 740 million people in the world have caries.

4. The Etruscans designed false teeth out of ivory and bone that were inserted into the mouth by gold bridge.

5. The first local anesthetic used in dentistry was Cocaine, introduced as an anesthetic by Carl Koller (1857-1944) in 1884.

6. Alfred Einkorn was researching an easy-to-use and safe local anesthesia to use on soldiers during wartime.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

History of dentistry

Dental diseases have remained remarkably similar throughout history. Decay, toothaches, periodontal disease and premature tooth loss were documented in ancient chronicles. The exact time that dental art made its appearance isn't known; however, there is a proof of its existence among the civilizations of Egypt, Etruscans of Central Italy, Assyrians, China, etc.

The Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan has evidence of dentistry being practiced as far back as 7000 BC. This earliest form of dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with bow drills operated, perhaps, by skilled bead craftsmen. The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective.

A Sumerian text from 5000 BC describes a "tooth worm" as the cause of dental caries. Evidence of this belief has also been found in ancient India, Egypt, Japan, and China. The legend of the worm is also found in the writings of Homer, and as late as the 1300s AD the surgeon Guy de Chauliac still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 6. Make up 5 special questions to the text and answer them.

Exercise 7. Approve or contradict the following:

1. Dental diseases have changed a lot since ancient times.

2. There is an evidence of dental practice dated back up to 1000 BC.

3. The earliest form of dentistry included tooth filling, caries curing, treatment of periodontal diseases and so on.

4. An Egyptian text from 5000 BC describes a "tooth worm" as the cause of dental caries.

5. The ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective.

6. In the 1300s BC the surgeon Guy de Chauliac still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.

Exercise 8. Insert preposition where necessary:

1. It was about a "tooth worm" … the cause … dental caries in the text from 5000 BC.

2. Pictures … a drill are found … many tomb paintings of ancient Egypt.

3. The Papyrus Ebers, found … Egypt, contained eleven remedies that related directly … problems with the teeth.

4. Some of the most amazing discoveries turned out to be similar … modern day orthodontics and periodontics. 

5. The molars were bound together … gold wire. 

6. Sometimes when skeletons are unearthed that have been in the ground … 2000 years and they have some teeth, the teeth usually look … very good condition.

Exercise 9. Translate sentences into English:

1. Стародавні рецепти для зубної пасти мали такі інгредієнти, як кістки, пемзу, хоча немає ніяких згадок про зубну щітку.

2. Греки використовували м'яту, яка є інгредієнтом зубної пасти для нас й сьогодні.

3. Дослідження мумій показало, що багато єгиптян страждали карієсом і поразками ясен.

4. Етруски, які приблизно в той же час населяли Центральну Італію, стали першими в зубному протезуванні.

5. Першим спеціалізованим стоматологічним інструментом були щипці для екстракції зубів.

Exercise 10. Render the text in 5 sentences.

PART II

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation and memorize the words:

Forceps ['fɔ:seps], appliance [ə'plaiəns], pulpitis [pəl'paitis], edentulism [i'dentʃϳulizm], pericementitis ['peri'sementaitis], barbers ['bɑ:bə].

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary. Read the words and word combinations:

Extraction видалення

Forceps щипці

Consumption вживання

Dental appliances стоматологічний інструмент

Bridges міст

Gift дар

Restorative dentistry терапевтична стоматологія

Pulpitis пульпіт

Pulp chamber пульпова камера

Pericementitis періодонтіт

Centrals центральні зуби

Cuspids ікли (зуби)

Molars корінні зуби

Barbers перукар, цирульник

Resemble pelican beak нагадувати дзьоб пелікана

Edentulism беззубість

Exercise 3. Express in one word:

Pulpitis	a dental plate containing one or more artificial teeth that are secured to the surrounding natural teeth
Drill	a tooth having one point
Bridge	any of the teeth at the back of the jaw used for crushing and chewing food
Cuspid	rotating tool that in inserted into drill machine
Molar	inflammation of the pulp

Exercise 4. Open the brackets, putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form and translate the sentences:

1. I (to suffer) never from such a horrible headache.

2. Your rapid recovery (to depend) on properly administered treatment.

3. Last night she (to have) an attack of acute pain in the left lower molar.

4. The blood (to drop) slowly from the wound.

5. Dentists (to achieve) much progress in treating periodontal diseases in recent years.

6. The earliest types of dentistry (to include) treatment of dental diseases mostly by tooth extraction.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text: