9. Dental formulas. Tooth roots зубна формула. Корні зубів

PART I

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Read the following words:

quadrant чверть круга

alphabet алфавіт

vice versa навпаки

shorthand стенографія

to make it easy полегшувати

designate, v. позначати

particular, adj. окремий, особливий

imagine, v. уявляти

represent, v. уявляти, відображати

either ...or і … і, або … або

11. substitute, v. замінювати

12.chart, n. схема

13.reason, n. причина, розум

14.angle, n. кут

Exercise 2. Practice the pronunciation:

Quadrant ['kwɔdrǝnt], aplphabet ['ælfǝbit], vice versa [vaisi'vǝ:sǝ], designate ['designeit], chart [tʃa:t].

Exercise 3. Read and translate the text.

Dental formulas

There is a sort of dental shorthand which makes it easy to designate any particular tooth. The mouth is divided by an imaginational line between the lower jaws and another vertically, in the median line. This divides the mouth into quadrants: upper left and right and lower left and right.

Permanent teeth. Permanent teeth are designated by Arabic numerals, which represent their relation to the median line.

RIGHT LEFT

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 UPPER 12 3 4 5 6 7 8

LOWER

1.Central Incisor.

2. Lateral Incisor.

3. Cuspid or Canine.

4. First Premolar or Bicuspid.

5. Second Bicuspid or Premolar.

6. First Molar.

7. Second Molar.

8. Third Molar.

On designation temporary teeth we use either Roman numerals or substitution them letters of the alphabet. The letter "A" would represent the central incisor, "B" - the lateral one, " C" - the cuspid and "D" and "E" - the first and .the second temporary molars.

V IV III II I I II Ifl IV V

V IV III II I I II Ifl IV V

E D C B A A B C D E

E D C B A A B C D E

Notice particularly that the right side of the chart is on your left and vice versa. The reason for this is that it represents the mouth of a patient, as you look at it. If we wish to note any tooth, it is necessary to draw the whole design. Draw a right angle, in the proper direction and write in it the number of the tooth. For example, if you wanted to note the upper left first molar we would write 6; for the lower right cuspid we would write 3.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 4. Answer the questions to the text:

1. How do we designate any particular tooth?

2. How many quadrants is the mouth divided into?

3. What are permanent teeth designated by?

4. What numerals are temporary teeth designated by?

5. Is it necessary to draw the whole design if you wish to note any tooth?

6. What will you write if you want to note the upper left first molar (the lower right lateral incisor)?

Exercise 5. Give Russian equivalents:

1.Second Molar. 5. Cuspid.

2. First Premolar. 6. Central Incisor.

3. Lateral Incisor. 7. Second Premolar.

4. Third Molar. 8. First Molar.

Exercise 6. Fill the blanks with either ... or, neither ... nor:

1. When one healthy ... the blood analysis ... the urinalysis show abnormal findings.

2. The sick may be given injections ... in the morning in the evening.

3. According to the patient's complaints the physician may listen ... to his heart ... to his lungs.

4. ... the X - ray examination ... the numerous electrocardiograms showed any changes in the size of the heart and its functions.

5. The dentist reveled ... caries of dental enamel ... caries of cementum.

6. We have classes ... at the University ... at a clinic.

7. ... hot water bottle ... remedies will relieve your toothache.

Exercise 7. Translate into English :

1. Вам потрібно правильно позначити постійні зуби.

2. Ми повинні розділити рот умовною лінією на квадранти.

3. Що, на вашою думкою, спричинило біль?

4. Позначте прямий кут.

5. Вам потрібно замінити штучні коронки.

6. Ми можемо спочатку проконсультуватися у хірурга, а потім у стоматолога, чи навпаки.

7. Діти, особливо молодші, схильні до простудних захворювань.

8. ЇЇ хвороба – просто плід уяви.

Exercise 8. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions :

1. I was not pleased ... him.

2. Look ... this new book.

3. We are proud ... our University.

4. We arrived ... the station late.

5. My brother is interested ... Anatomy.

6. Divide the apple ... three parts.

7. Examination papers are usually written ... ink.

8. After his illness, he returned ... his work.

9. ... the polyclinic you may consult a surgeon.

10. This disease is particularly dangerous ... our health.

PART II

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS