Charles Babbage (1792—1871)

1. English mathematician who devised precursor of the computer. He designed an analytical engine, a general-purpose mechanical computing device for performing different calculations according to a program input on punched cards. This device was never built, but it embodied many of the principles on which digital computers are based.

2. Babbage was a founder member of the Royal Astronomical Society, the British Association, the Cambridge Philosophical Society, and the Statistical Society of London. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society 1816.

3. Babbage’s book On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (1832) is an analysis of industrial production systems and their economics. In 1991, the British Science Museum completed Babbage's second difference engine (to demonstrate that it would have been possible with the materials then available). It evaluates polynomials up to the seventh power, with 30-figure accuracy.

4. Babbage was born in Totnes, Devon. As a student at Cambridge, he assisted John Herschel with his astronomical calculations and thought they could be better done by machines. His mechanical calculator, or difference engine, begun in 1822, which could compute squares to six places of decimals, got him a commission from the British Admiralty for an expanded version. But this project was abandoned in favour of the analytical engine, which he worked on for the rest of his life.

5. The difference engine could perform only one function, once it was set up. The analytical engine was intended to perform many functions; it was to store numbers and be capable of working to a program.

VI. Прочитайте питання. З поданих варіантів відповіді вкажіть номер речення, яке містить правильну відповідь на поставлене запитання:

1) What did Babbage devise?

1. ... an analytical engine

2. ... a computer

3. ... a modern calculator

2) What happened in 1816?

1. ... Babbage was elected to the British Admiralty

2. ... Babbage went to study to the Cambridge University

3. ... Babbage was elected Fellow of the Royal Society

3) How can you describe the book of Babbage?

1. ... it is a scientific research about computers

2. ... it is an analysis of industrial production systems and their economics

3. ... it gives the critique on the modern society.

VII. Перепишіть та письмово переклаіть 4-й та 5-й абзаци тексту українською або російською мовою. Варіант 5

I. Перепишіть наступні речення; підкресліть в кожному з них дієслово – присудок і визначте його видо-часову форму та стан. Перекладіть речення українською або російською мовою (див. зразок 1 (а)). В розділі ( b ) зверніть увагу на переклад пасивних конструкцій.

a) 1. Astronomers find that the day is increasing by 0.002 seconds each century.

2. Our cosmonauts will be making many important observations.

3. Astronomers have measured the exact length of the day.

4. Many new branches of industry had been developed in our country after World War II.

b) 1. The chemical properties of an element are determined by the orbiting electrons.

2. This discovery was followed by numerous others.

3. All the digits will be recorded on the paper tape when addition is performed.

II. Перепишіть наступні речення; підкресліть Participle I і Participle II та визначте функції кожного з них, тобто вкажіть, чи є він означенням, обставиною або частиною дієслова – присудка. Перекладіть речення українською або російською мовою (див. зразок 2).

1. The cloud chamber (камера Вільсона) is one of the devices used to detect the presence of radioactivity.

2. Matter consists of one or a number of basic elements occurring in nature.

3. One can use several modern devices while detecting and measuring radioactivity.

4. This device was invented by the German mathematician.

5. When heated to a certain temperature this alloy increases in volume.

6. Discussing the advantages of the new memory unit the professor gave the students all explanations.

7. The characters are passing through the reading equipment of a computer in a way similar to a way used for a magnetic tape.