Henry Ford (1863—1947)

1. US automobile manufacturer. He built his first car in 1896 and founded the Ford Motor Company in 1903. His Model T (1908) was the first car to be constructed solely by assembly-line methods and to be mass-marketed; 15 million of these cars were sold.

2. Ford’s innovative policies, such as a $ 5 daily minimum wage (at the time nearly double the average figure in Detroit) and a five-day working week, revolutionized employment practices, but he opposed the introduction of trade unions. In 1928 he launched the Model A, a stepped-up version of the Model T.

3. Ford was born in Dearborn, Michigan, and apprenticed to a Detroit machinist in 1878. On his father's farm he experimented in the manufac­ture of a steam tractor. He worked for the Edison Illuminating Company in 1891 —1899 and then for the Detroit Automobile Company before starting his own firm.

4. Victory in a car race at Grosse Point, Michigan, 1901, brought him the publicity he sought, and in 1904 he drove his four-cylindered car "999" to a world record of 39.4 sec for 1 mi/1.6 km over the ice on Lake St Clair. In 1915 Ford turned his attention to the farm tractor; the Fordson tractor was a great commercial success. He also went into the civil aviation business.

5. Ford was politically active and a pacifist; he opposed US intervention in both world wars and promoted his own anti-Semitic views. In 1918 he ran unsuccessfully for the Senate, and in 1923 he considered running for the presidency, but later announced his refusal to stand against Coolidge. In 1936 he founded, with his son Edsel Ford (1893—1943), the philanthropic Ford Foundation; he retired in 1945 from the Ford Motor Company, then valued at over $1 billion.

VI. Прочитайте питання. З поданих варіантів відповіді вкажіть номер речення, яке містить правильну відповідь на поставлене запитання:

1) What model of car was the first to be constructed solely by assembly-line methods?

1. ... the Model A

2. ... the Model T

3. ... the Model B.

2) What were Ford’s innovative policies?

1. ... a $ 5 daily minimum wage and a five-day working week

2. ... a social insurance

3. ... free studies for the workers’ children at the private schools.

3) Where did Ford experiment in the manufac­ture of a steam tractor?

1. ... at the University shop

2. ... at his work

3. ... on his father's farm.

VII. Перепишіть та письмово переклаіть 4-й та 5-й абзаци тексту українською або російською мовою. Варіант 3

I. Перепишіть наступні речення; підкресліть в кожному з них дієслово – присудок і визначте його видо-часову форму та стан. Перекладіть речення українською або російською мовою (див. зразок 1 (а)). В розділі (b) зверніть увагу на переклад пасивних конструкцій.

a) 1. The reactor is fast becoming a major source of heat and electricity.

2. I shall be preparing all the ingredients for the experiment tomorrow at 3 o’clock.

3. Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and positions of bodies in the universe.

4. We didn’t receive any good results when they had worked with this type of the equipment.

b) 1. Elements are transformed into other elements both by man and by nature.

2. The launching of Sputnik I was followed by many achievements in science and engineering.

3. The motor will be examined tomorrow.

II. Перепишіть наступні речення; підкресліть Participle I і Participle II та визначте функції кожного з них, тобто вкажіть, чи є він означенням, обставиною або частиною дієслова – присудка. Перекладіть речення українською або російською мовою (див. зразок 2).

1. These reactions convert hydrogen into helium giving off a great amount of light and heat.

2. The formula E=me² deduced by Einstein is perhaps the most well-known equation in the world.

3. Soils containing too much sand or clay are of less value in agriculture.

4. Plastic articles are often difficult to repair if broken.

5. When pressing the keys the operator makes the adding machine operate.

6. As science progresses the difference between man-made systems and natural systems may be reduced infinitely.

7. Now we are heating a magnet in order to lessen its magnetism.