Фразовые глаголы (Phrasal Verbs)

Для придания глаголу другого значения в английском языке часто используются послелоги или наречия. Такие глаголы называют фразовыми, например: to put – класть, но put off = postpone – откладывать; to take – брать, но take up – заняться (новым видом деятельности) и т.д.

Как правило, они чаще употребляются в разговорной речи. Вот наиболее употребительные фразовые глаголы:

sit down – сесть,

Stand up – встать,

catch up – догнать,

round up – заканчивать, закругляться,

break off – отколоться; неожиданно прекратить разговор,

make up – придумать, сочинить, составлять,

lag behind – отставать,

get up – вставать,

give up – прекратить, бросить,

put on – надевать,

take off – снимать,

take in – впитывать,

turn on (off) – включать (выключать),

turn up (show up) – внезапно появиться,

pick up – заехать и забрать, поднять,

find out – обнаружить,

figure out – понять,

call off – отменить,

hang on = hold on – ждать,

dress up – нарядно одеться,

eat out (in) – есть в ресторане (дома),

be out (in) – не быть дома (быть дома),

work out –разработать и т.д.

Ex.130. Use phrasal verbs instead of the words in italics. 1. We usually eat in the café. 2. I can’t call Jake, he is not at home. 3. All living things absorb dissolved materials when they soak up or drink water. 4. Wait! I am coming. 5. I can’t understand the meaning of this word. 6. We’ve learnt that the concert was cancelled. 7. They discovered the truth. 8. If you count the seconds between the flash and the thunder, you can count the distance of the flash of lightning. 9. The dolphins appeared and swam in circles around Tom, keeping the shark at a distance.

Part 2. Topics for Discussion.

Text 1. Let me Introduce Myself

I’d like to introduce myself. My full name is Anna Andreeva. I was born on the twelfth of January in Orenburg, an industrial city in the Southern Urals.

Now I am a first-year student of Orenburg State Pedagogical University. I study at the faculty of History. I passed my entrance exams with success and I am a full-time student now.

I’d like to say some words about myself and my hobbies. First let me describe myself. I am tall, slender; I have long dark hair and brown eyes. They say I am pretty and easy to go along. I take after my mother in appearance and I resemble my father by nature.

I like music and sports. In summer I swim in the Ural River and in winter I go skiing in the country, in the Ural Mountains, with my family. I like going to the indoor ice rink and skating to the music. I enjoy listening to jazz, classic and some modern foreign pop singers. I’m rather sociable, so I’ve got many friends and try to socialize at weekends.

I finished school № 5 in Orenburg. My favourite subjects were Computer Science, History and Sociology. I also enjoyed English classes. I am interested in History, English and Civics.

I think a historian or a History teacher is a profession of current importance now. Besides it is fun to learn about the past and the world around us. And I am sure knowledge of English will help me to make contacts with people from other countries and learn more about other societies.

Vocabulary notes:

to introduce oneself – представиться

the Southern Urals – Южный Урал

a first-year student – первокурсник

an entrance exam – вступительный экзамен

success – успех

a full-time student – студент дневного отделения

describe – описывать

slender – стройный

easy to go along – легкий в общении

take after smb. – быть похожим на кого-то

in appearance – по внешности

by nature – по характеру

make contacts with smb. – устанавливать связи с кем-то.

be sure – быть уверенным

Ex. 1. Answer the questions using the new words: 1. What is your name? 2. Where do you live? 3. When and where were you born? 4. Where do you study? 5. Do you take after your mother or father? 6. What are your hobbies? 7. What subjects are you interested in? 8. Why do you want to be a history teacher / a historian?

Ex. 2. Describe your groupmate but do not say his/her name. Let the others guess who it is. Use the chart below.

This person My groupmate My friend	is	tall, short, slim, slender, good-looking, easy to go along, sociable, shy, quiet, smart, fun to be with, neatly dressed
	has	long / short hair; grey/blue/green/brown eyes, freckles, dimples in his/her cheeks, a mole
	wears	a formal suit, casual clothes, smart clothes; his/her hair loose; glasses; perfume, a lip gloss; a ponytail, a fringe, a beard / moustache
	was born	in Orenburg, in the country, etc.
	studies	well, hard, sluggishly
	likes	sport, rock music, computer games, etc.
	doesn’t like	to study, loud companies, etc.
	is keen on	ballet, boxing, judo, swimming, karate, gymnastics, etc.
	is good at	computer science, cooking, singing, dancing, History, English, etc.

Learn new words.

Personality adjectives

Question clusters. Face your partner. For one minute we will talk about №1 –“absent-minded”. It doesn’t matter who starts. Just keep talking because you only have 60 seconds. Then go through all questions.

1. Are you absent-minded? How often do you forget things? Where do you put your keys when you come home? Do you find it hard to organize things? Do you know someone who is absent-minded?

2. Who is the most hard-working person you know? Do you think yourself hard-working or lazy or both? Do you know any workaholics?

3. Are you clumsy? Do you often drop things?

4. What activities do you find really boring? Why do you get bored?

5. What was the last generous thing that you did?

6. What makes you grumpy? What kind of weather makes you grumpy? Do you know a person who is a grump?

Text 2. My Family

Now I’d like to tell you about my family. There are five people in it: my mother, my father, my elder sister Lisa, my younger brother Denis and me. We live in a big house in Orenburg so I don’t need housing. Some of my fellow students rent a flat or a room as their parents live in the country.

My parents are very nice people; they are intelligent and always ready to help. My dad’s name is Oleg Petrovich. He is 47. He works for a big company as a travel agent. He spends most of his time at work. By character he is quiet and sensible. He is tall and broad-shouldered, he is a sporty person.

My mum’s name is Inna Dmitrievna. She is three years younger than my father. She is a beautiful slim woman with fair hair and blue eyes. She keeps fit and often attends a gym and a swimming pool. She is a teacher of Maths and Physics at college. She is more energetic and talkative than my dad.

Lisa is two years older than me but we have a lot in common. She has a good sense of humour. She is in her third year at our university. I wonder how she manages to do well in all subjects. She is very clever. Eventually she will be a university lecturer herself.

Denis is Lisa’s opposite. He is in high school now, he has ability but he rarely does his best. Yet he is popular with his friends and fun to be with. He easily makes friends and gets on well with people.

In general our family is very united and friendly. We are happy when we are together and we miss one another when we are apart.

Vocabulary notes:

housing – жилье

intelligent – умный

by character – по характеру

sensible – здравомыслящий, практичный

to keep fit – быть в форме, поддерживать фигуру

to attend – постоянно посещать

energetic – деятельный

talkative – разговорчивый

to have a lot in common – иметь много общего

to manage to do smth. – удаваться сделать что-то

to do well – хорошо учиться

opposite – противоположность

to be in high school – учиться в средней школе

to get on well with smb.– ладить с кем-то

in general – вообще

to be apart – быть врозь, вдалеке

Learn the new words.

Ex 1. Work in pairs. Ask each other about your families. Use the new words.

Ex.2. Underline the correct adjectives.

1. Mike’s very talkative / hardworking. He studies every night. 2. My brother is a very messy / tidy person. He never cleans his room. 3. You need two hours to phone Linda. She’s very sporty / talkative. 4. Helen is very cooperative / competitive. It’s great to work with her. 5. Your house always looks nice. You’re very aggressive / tidy. 6. I’m good at tennis but I don’t often win. I’m not very noisy / competitive. 7. Jack’s very industrious / aggressive. Nobody wants to work with him.

Ex.3. Make up your own text about yourself and your family.

TEXT 3. Seasons and Weather

Pre-reading task. Answer the questions about the weather where you live.

1. Do you have spring, summer, autumn and winter?

2. What is the average temperature in these months?

a) December b) April c) August

3. What is your favourite time of year? Why?

Seasons and Weather

There are four seasons in a year: winter, spring, summer and autumn. Every season has its own charm and faults, I think. But there is a song “nature has no bad weather”, so we should enjoy every moment of our life even if the weather is tricky.

As we live in the continental climate we experience all seasons. Winter is the coldest one. Winters are usually frosty, with blizzards and severe winds. The temperature is often 30⁰ below 0. There is thick snow on the ground.

Sometimes it gets rather warm and the snow melts. Then there is sleet. People have outdoor activities in good weather. We can go skiing or skating, children enjoy playing snowballs and sledging down the hills. When the sun shines, the snow sparkles in its lights. People wear warm clothes and footwear.

After a long period of cold, spring comes; and the nature awakens from its winter sleep. Spring lasts from March to May. Days become longer and nights become shorter.

The nature transforms. It gets warmer and the grass comes out and trees become green. But it often rains and people carry umbrellas and wear raincoats and boots. There are puddles and mud though it soon changes for the better.

My favourite season is summer; it is a period from June to August. The sun shines brightly, the sky is blue and we have long holidays. After the summer examinations it is nice to have a swim or to lie in the sun. I practise some outdoor activities like gardening and sports.

Sometimes it gets really stuffy and the heat is unbearable. We go out of town to the river or lake and enjoy the fresh air in the forest. Some pick berries and mushrooms. Others like fishing.

Then autumn comes. It starts with Indian summer and we enjoy the last sunny days. Eventually the weather changes for the worse, it is wet and rainy. Though our climate is gradually changing you can not predict what will happen next.

Vocabulary notes:

charm – очарование

fault – недостаток

tricky – капризный

to experience – испытывать

blizzard – метель

severe – суровый

to melt – таять

sleet – дождь со снегом, слякоть

to sledge – кататься на санках

to sparkle – сиять

to awaken – пробуждаться

to transform – преображаться

puddle – лужа

mud – грязь

stuffy – душный

unbearable – невыносимый

eventually – со временем

gradually – постепенно

to predict – предсказывать

Text 4. Му Working Day

I have entered the university this year. I’m a first-year student of the History faculty of Orenburg State Pedagogical University. As I’m a full-time student, my working day is very busy.

On weekdays I have to get up rather early, at 6.30 a.m. My mobile alarm-clock wakes me up, I make my bed, air the room and sometimes I do morning exercises. Then I go to the bathroom to take a shower, clean my teeth and brush my hair. I get dressed and go to the kitchen to make breakfast.

I don’t have a substantial meal in the morning. I only have a cup of tea or coffee and a sandwich. Sometimes I like some yoghurt or cornflakes with milk. I wash up and watch the latest news on TV.

I leave the house at 7.15 a.m. As I live rather far from the university, it takes me quite a while to get there. It usually takes me 40 minutes but it’s a problem to catch a bus because of rush-hour crowds.

I come to the university at 7.55 a.m. My classes begin at 8 sharp. We usually have lectures and seminars, that is four classes a day. My favourite subjects are History, Historiography and English (). I learn many new things in the classes. During the big break we have lunch at our university canteen. Sometimes we go to have a snack at the nearest café because the break lasts thirty minutes. Other breaks last only ten minutes.

After classes I go to the library to get ready for tutorials or to write a report. So I come home at 5 p.m. I have supper and then a short rest before doing homework. It takes me two hours to read up for classes.

Then I watch TV or surf the Net or go for a walk with my friends. But as a rule I have little free time on week-days. So by the end of the week I feel tired and I usually go to bed at 11 p.m. I haven’t got used to my new schedule so far but I am trying hard.

Vocabulary Notes:

to enter the university – поступить в университет

have to + Infinitive передает вынужденность, вызванную обстоятельствами

on week-days – по будням

mobile – сотовый телефон

alarm-clock – будильник

to air the room – проветривать комнату

to take a shower – принимать душ

a substantial meal – плотный прием пищи (завтрак, обед и т.д.)

it takes me… to + Infinitive – у меня уходит (мне требуется) …, чтобы …

rush-hour crowds – толпы в час пик

to have a snack – перекусить

canteen – столовая

tutorial – семинар

to surf the Net – работать в интернете, «бродить» по интернету

to get used to – привыкнуть к

Ex.1. a. Read the story. Who is late – Jack or Jane?

My sister Jane and I have an argument about the bathroom every morning. I like to sleep until about 8 a.m. and I get up at 8.15 a.m. This means I only have 14 minutes to get ready before I leave the house to catch the 8.40 bus to college.

Jane always gets up about 6 a.m. and then she spends hours in the bathroom. I get really angry. Her classes don’t start until 10 and she never leaves the house before 9.30 a.m., but she’s always in the bathroom when I need it. Jane’s never late for class! I’m late every day!

Jane always tells me to get up earlier. I tell her to get her own bathroom. The Mum tells us both to be quiet. Not a good way to start the day.

b. Form questions about the story.

1 When / Jack /? 8.15 a.m.

2 Who / never late for class?

3 Who / the 8.40 a.m. bus?

4 Who / 6 a.m.?

5 Why / Jack / angry?

6 Who / hours in the bathroom?

7 When / Jane / the house?

Ex.2. Describe your usual working day. Is it different from your weekend?

Text 5. My University

Warm-Up

What famous universities do you know in our country and abroad? What do you know about the university you study at?

My University

I’d like to tell you about our university. As you know I’m a first-year student of Orenburg State Pedagogical (Teacher Training) University. I study full-time at the History faculty.

Studying at our university gives a solid background in different spheres of knowledge and prepares for practical work.

Our university is quite large though it is not very old in comparison with Moscow State University. But it is the oldest university in our region. It was founded in 1919, later it was named after a famous pilot V. Chkalov. Today it is a large higher education institution where more than 10,000 students are currently enrolled. The majority are full-time students and the rest are part-time and correspondence students. After graduation some former students do a post-graduate course. They conduct independent research work and have pedagogical practice.

The course of study lasts five years. Students get higher education at different faculties, there are three institutes and many faculties at our university: the Institute of Natural Science and Economics, the Institute of Physical Culture and Sport and the Institute of Pedagogy and Management; the faculties of philology, foreign languages, primary education, history, psychology, physics mathematics and so on.

There are several buildings and the main building is in Sovetskaya Street. There are large lecture halls and laboratories, libraries, computer centres, gyms and other facilities.

There are several cafes and canteens at our university where students can have a snack between classes. The food is affordable and sometimes rather tasty.

Students from other cities and countries live in hostels, but some rent flats or rooms.

Our university has a high rating among applicants and ranks among the best universities of our city.

Vocabulary Notes:

a solid background – твердая база

knowledge - знания

in comparison with – по сравнению с

region - область

to be founded – быть основанным

to be named after – быть названным в честь

higher education institution – высшее учебное заведение

to be currently enrolled – числиться в списках студентов

majority – большинство

correspondence – заочный

graduation – окончание вуза

to do a post-graduate course – учиться в аспирантуре

research – научное исследование

the main building – главный корпус

facilities – помещения, средства обслуживания

to have a snack – перекусить

affordable – приемлемый, доступный

hostel – общежитие

applicant – абитуриент

to rank among – занимать место среди

Ex.1. True or false? 1. Orenburg State Pedagogical University is not the oldest university in our region. 2. It was founded in 1947. 3. More than 8,000 students are currently enrolled here. 4. After graduation some former students do a post-graduate course. 5. The course of study lasts four years. 6. The main building is in Gagarin Avenue. 7. Students from other cities and countries live in hostels, but some rent flats or rooms. 8. The majority are full-time students and the rest are part-time and correspondence students.

Ex.2. Complete the lifeline with the correct years: was born_____went to school_____learnt to swim____left school_____entered university____ took dancing (judo, tennis, ballet, boxing etc.) classes____ did a silly thing

Text 6. Orenburg – My Native City

I’d like to tell you about my native city. I was born and live in Orenburg, a provincial city on the Ural River in the Southern Urals. It stands on the border between Europe and Asia. Our city borders on Kazakhstan, Bashkortostan and some other regions. It is an administrative, trade, industrial, cultural and educational centre of the Orenburg region.

The history of the city goes back to the early 18^th century but there are many historical places of interest in the area around it. The camps and caves of the Sarmatians have been found here. It was founded on the 19^th (30^th) of April in 1743. As far as I know it was the third attempt to found the town. Its governor I. I. Nepliuyev decided to place the town where it is now. It was both a town and a fortress in the past. The composition of the name Oren + burg means a stronghold with ears, an outpost on the border with Asia.

Now it is a rather large city with the population under 600,000 people. It is a multi-national and multi-cultural area with representatives of 80 nationalities and 23 religions.

It is famous for its fine down-shawls, wheat and gas-mining, which are the main points of export. Orenburg is called “the Breadbasket of Russia” and “the Gateway to Asia”.

It is agriculturally self-sufficient and rich in mineral resources such as oil, natural gas, salts and so on. It has well-developed mineral, manufacturing and mining industries. There are many large plants and factories here: the Gas works, the TNK-BP, the “Radiator” plant, the silk complex, the down-shawl factory and others.

There are many educational establishments as well as places of culture: the Museum of regional studies, the Museum of fine arts, the A. S. Pushkin Museum, the Drama theatre, the Musical Comedy theatre, the Puppet-show theatre, cinemas and parks.

My favourite places are the Embankment and Sovetskaya Street – the historical centre of the city.

Vocabulary

native city – родной город

pro'vincial – провинциальный

the Southern Urals – Южный Урал

to border on – граничить с

region – область

to go back to – уходить корнями в

area – район

cave – пещера

the Sar'matians – сарматы

attempt – попытка

governor – губернатор

fortress – крепость

'stronghold – крепость

outpost – охраняющий пост, отдаленное поселение

'down-shawl – пуховый платок

breadbasket – житница

«the Gateway to Asia» - «Врата в Азию»

'self-suf'ficient – независимый

Em'bankment - набережная

Ex.1. Answer the questions.

1 What river does Orenburg stand on? 2 What does the name mean? 3 When was it founded? 4 How many people live here? 5 What is Orenburg famous for? 6 What is Orenburg called? 7 What industries are well-developed? 8 What places of culture can you visit here? 9 What is your favourite place in Orenburg?

Ex.2. Imagine you are a tour guide. Describe your city to foreign visitors.

Ex.3. Make up a dialogue asking each other about your native city.

Text 7. The Russian Federation

Russia ranks first in the world in its territory, stretching over Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It covers almost twice the territory of either the United States or China. Russia is bounded in the west by Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine and in the south by Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China and North Korea.

It is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans. It faces the Baltic and the Black Seas in the west, the Arctic Ocean and the conjoined seas in the north, and the Pacific Ocean and the conjoined seas in the east.

The country has a variety of relief and climatic conditions. Russia is a land of rivers and deep lakes. The most economically important rivers are the Volga and the Don. The Caspian Sea, partially within the territory of the country, is the greatest inland body of water in the world. Lake Baikal, in Eastern Siberia, is the deepest lake in the world.

The Ural Mountains, the traditional boundary between Asia and Europe, run for over 2,000 kms. from north to south. The highest peak, Mount Narodnaya, reaches 1,895 metres.

The area is so large that Russia has 11 time zones. The climate varies from arctic and subarctic to temperate and subtropical.

Russia is rich in mineral resources, especially coal, natural gas and ores. The main agricultural product has always been grain, mainly wheat, barley and rye.

The official language of the country is Russian but as Russia is a multinational and multicultural country many different languages are spoken here.

People live mostly in urban areas. The capital of the country is Moscow. The Russian Federation is a constitutional republic. The head of the state is the President who controls 3 branches of power. The legislative power belongs to the Federal Assembly, consisting of the Council of Federation and the State Duma. The executive power belongs to the President and the Cabinet of Ministers or the Government. The judicial branch consists of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and lower courts.

Vocabulary

to rank first – занимать первое место

either … or … - либо … либо

to bound – граничить, служить границей

con'joined – соединенный, объединенный

inland body of water – внутренний водоем

time zones – часовые пояса

grain - зерно

'legislative - законодательный

the Federal As'sembly – Федеральное Собрание

the Council of Federation – Совет Федерации

e'xecutive – исполнительный

ju'dicial – судебный

Ex.1. Give the English equivalents.

Простираться по; омываться 3 океанами; занимать первое место в мире по; климатические условия; глубочайшее озеро; граница между Европой и Азией; быть богатым природными ресурсами; официальный язык; ветви власти; принадлежать кому-то; состоять из.

Ex.2. Answer the questions.

1. Is Russia the largest country in the world? 2. What territory does it stretch over? 3. What countries can you compare Russia with? 4. What countries is it bounded by in the west and in the south? 5. It is washed by thirteen seas, isn’t it? 6. Which are the most economically important rivers? 7. Where is Lake Baikal? 8. Does Russia have 11 or 12 time zones? 9. What is the political system of the RF? 10. Is Russian the only language spoken in this country?

Ex.3. A quiz. What is / are …

• the biggest lake in Russia?

• the longest Russian river (in the European and Asian parts of the RF territory)?

• a city with subtropical climate?

• the deepest lake?

• old historical cities?

• places of recreation and tourism?

• the name of the city where Father Frost lives?

• the symbols of the RF?

Text 8. Moscow

Moscow is spread over a vast area of a thousand square kilometers. It was a small fortress in the past. Founded in 1147 by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, Moscow was named after the Moskva River. In the course of time it grew into a big city. By 1480 Rus had grown into a powerful state that could repulse any enemy.

It is the capital of Russia, its political, economic, scientific and cultural heart. On the one hand, it is noisy and busy, but on the other hand it is very beautiful and worth seeing.

About 12 mln. people live there. The President and the Federation Assembly of Russia, other important organizations, embassies and all ministries are in Moscow.

The Kremlin is the symbol of Russian politics as all main official organizations are located there. The President’s residence, the State Kremlin Palace, the Grand Kremlin Palace are on its territory. The towers of the Kremlin are the symbol of Russia. And the Red Square is the heart of the capital where official ceremonies and parades take place.

There are more than 70 educational and research institutes and universities, including the greatest Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov.

There are more than 80 museums in Moscow. The most famous are the State Tretyakov Gallery, the so-called Diamond Fund, the Museum of Fine Arts and many others. The Tsar Bell and the Tsar Cannon are examples of skills of Russian craftsmen.

Moscow was being decorated by all tsars and rulers with beautiful churches, palaces and monuments. It is called golden-domed because of a great number of cathedrals with gilded domes, for example the Cathedral of Basil the Blessed.

Moscow is also the city of theatres. There are more than 30 theatres popular with both Muscovites and visitors – the State Academic Bolshoi Theatre, the Maly Theatre, the Taganka, the Theatre of Satire and so on.

The tall Ostankino TV tower has a revolving restaurant and an observation platform.

Moscow is the port of 5 seas. The Moscow Canal, the Moskva River, the Volga-Don Canal link Moscow with the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea, the White Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea. The Moscow Metro is the oldest in Russia. It is famous for its marble-walled stations. Anyway it is better to see it once with your own eyes to form your own opinion of the capital of our country.

Vocabulary:

prince - князь

to grow into – превратиться в, вырасти в

to repulse – дать отпор

on the one hand … on the other hand – с одной стороны … с другой стороны

to be worth doing smth. – стоить того, чтобы сделать что-то

embassy - посольство

ceremony - церемония

to take place - проходить

the so- called – так называемый

golden-domed - златоглавая

the Cathedral of Basil the Blessed – собор Василия Блаженного

Muscovite – москвич

revolving - вращающийся

Ex.1. Answer the questions. 1. What is the capital of Russia? 2. Is its area a thousand square kilometers or miles? 3. What facts from the history of Moscow have you learnt? 4. What important political buildings are there in Moscow? 5. What are the symbols of the capital? 6. Moscow is a great educational centre, isn’t it? 7. Why is Moscow called gold-domed? 8. Can you say that it is a great cultural centre? 9. Where are official ceremonies and parades?

Ex.2. Find the equivalents in the text and use them in your retelling: быть основанным; быть названным в честь; дать отпор врагу; сердце столицы; стоит посмотреть ее; соборы с позолоченными куполами; популярны среди москвичей.

Ex.3. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue between a foreigner in Moscow and a Muscovite about its attractions. Use the words from the text.

Ex.4. True or False? 1. Moscow was founded in 1145 by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. 2. Moscow was named after the Moskva River. 3. Moscow is a quiet place. 4. The greatest Moscow State University is named after M.V. Lomonosov. 5. Moscow is also the city of theatres. 6. The President and the Federation Assembly of Russia, other important organizations, embassies and all ministries are in St. Petersburg. 7. Moscow is the port of 6 seas. 8. The Moscow Metro is the newest in Russia. 9. The towers of the Kremlin are the symbol of Russia.

Text 9. Great Britain

The language we are studying is spoken in many countries of the world – the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and many others. One of them is Great Britain.

The official name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It consists of four parts – England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast.

It is an island state. It lies on the British Isles – a large group of islands to the north-west of Europe. It is separated from the continent by the English Channel, the Strait of Dover and the North Sea in the east. In the west it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.

The British Isles consist of two large islands – Great Britain and Ireland and a number of smaller islands. The total area of the United Kingdom is 244 square kilometers. It is twice smaller than France or Spain. It ranks 75^th in the world in its territory.

The nature of Great Britain is greatly affected by the sea. There is no place more than 100 kilometres from the sea.

The mountains cover the greater part of northern, western and middle Great Britain. The highest mountain is Ben Nevis, 1,343 metres tall, in the Highlands in Scotland.

The rivers of Britain are short; most of them flow east since the west coast is mountainous. The most important rivers are the Severn and the Thames. The capital and the largest city of the UK – London – stands on the Thames.

The climate of the country is mild and humid with warm winters and cool summers. The Gulf Stream tempers its climate.

The population of the United Kingdom is made up by the English, the Welsh, the Scots and the Irish, all of them are called the British. English is the official language of the UK, but is not the only one used there. Would you like to learn more of the country?

Explore the real Britain for yourself on a touring holiday. Britain is one of the safest and most convenient places in the world for independent travellers.

Vocabulary:

to consist of – cостоять из

the British Isles – Британские острова

total area – общая площадь

to affect – влиять на

'mountainous – гористый

the Thames – р. Темза

humid – влажный

the Gulf Stream – течение Гольфстрим

Ex.1. Find in the text sentences in the Passive Voice and write them out. Translate them into Russian.

Ex.2. Answer the questions. 1 What is the official name of GB? 2 What place does it rank in its territory? 3 What are the constituent parts of the UK? 4 Where is it situated? 5 It is an island state, isn’t it? 6 What is the climate of the country like? 7 Why do most British rivers flow east? 8 What river does London stand on? 9 What have you learnt of the population of the United Kingdom? 10 If you had a chance to visit GB, why would you go there?

Ex.3. a) Read the passage from the guide-book to get some more facts about GB. First read it to yourselves (skim over it).

Coming to Britain for a city break? Explore the beauty of the countryside; discover Roman ruins; admire the glorious gardens of the grand historical houses.

The heart of England is Kent, known as the Garden of England. It is filled with splendid castles and has a varied coastline. You can visit the town where Charles Dickens spent his youth, Rochester.

Brighton is one of Londoners’ favourites and is a stylish and lively coastal resort.

Bristol is Britain’s finest waterfront city with a rich maritime heritage.

Bath is a golden-stone city famous for its hot spring.

Situated in the very heart of Britain, Birmingham is a perfect gateway to some of England’s most beautiful countryside.

Liverpool is a historic port city, but is more famous for the Beatles.

Enjoy your great days out!

b) Find English equivalents in the text.

Горячий источник, великолепные замки, разнообразная (богатая) береговая линия, морское наследие (прошлое), морской курорт, развалины римских сооружений, прибрежный город, величественные дома, восхитительные сады, перерыв (отдых, благоприятная возможность).

4. Read the text thoroughly. Retell it.

Ex. 4. Fill in the gaps with the necessary form of the words on the right.

Tourism in Britain

1

Every year more than eleven million tourists visit Britain. In fact, tourism is an __________________ industry, employing thousands of people.

IMPORTANCE

2

Most __________________ come in the summer months when they can expect good weather.

VISIT

3

Tourists ______________ spend a few days in London, then go on to other well-known cities.

USUAL

4

Perhaps the least visited places in England are old __________________ towns.

INDUSTRY

5

But many people think that nineteenth-century cities show the __________________ of Britain.

REAL

6

The __________________ of the past is to be still seen in their old streets.

GREAT

Ex.5. Match the texts and the headings.

A.	INFORMATION
B.	TRANSPORT
C.	PEOPLE
D.	CLIMATE
E.	TELEVISION
F.	FOOD
G.	RADIO
1.	Ireland is located on an island. Winters in Ireland are not cold and rivers do not freeze. The summer months of June, July and August are mild. However, the weather is changeable. If you are going to visit Ireland in summer, do not forget to take an umbrella and warm clothes.
2.	Most buses in big cities in Ireland have conductors who collect the money, but in small places passengers pay the driver. The trains in Ireland are not cheap, but they usually leave on time. Taxis are easy to get although they are rather expensive in comparison to other countries.
3.	Irish farmhouse cheeses are very popular gift items. Other products to delight tourists are Irish salmon, netted in autumn, oysters and hand-made chocolates.
4.	The best place to learn how to get a room in a hotel, change money, and much more is your nearest Tourist office. In Dublin city-centre the Tourist office is situated at 14 Upper O'Connel Street, beside the Savoy cinema.
5.	Ireland has two national stations, RTE 1 and Network 2. You can watch different programmes. Most popular are political news, country news, sports and music programmes. People can also enjoy watching drama, films etc.
6.	It is impossible to make any statement about the characteristics of the Irish, but they are known for their humour, hospitality, kindness. The Irish know how to have a good time and very often they get enjoyment in the pub to the accompaniment of Irish folk music.
1		2	3	4	5	6

Text 10. Holidays in the UK and the USA

New Year’s Day (1 January), Good Friday and Easter Monday are three of England’s traditional “bank holidays,” on which banks and other businesses close. The other bank holidays include May Day, the Spring and Summer Bank holidays (the last Monday in May and the last Monday in August, respectively), Christmas Day, and Boxing Day.

Most employees get four to five weeks’ annual vacation. Most people take their main two- or three-week vacation in July or August. A sizable minority also take a winter vacation, usually to go skiing or to somewhere warm and sunny. Short trips of two to five days to other parts of the country or to continental Europe have become increasingly popular.

Good Friday - Страстная пятница

Easter Monday - Второй день Пасхи

annual – ежегодный

increasingly- все больше и больше

St. Valentine's Day

Saint Valentine’s Day is a holiday honoring lovers. It is celebrated on February 14 by the custom of sending greeting cards or gifts to express affection. The cards, known as valentines, are often designed with hearts to symbolize love. The holiday probably derives from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalis (February 15). The festival gradually became associated with the feast day (February 14) of two Roman martyrs, both named St. Valentine, who lived in the 3rd century. St. Valentine has traditionally been regarded as the patron saint of lovers.

honor - почитать, уважать, чтить (кого-л., что-л.)

affection - любовь, привязанность

derive from – происходить из

martyr - мученик

St. Patrick's Day

St. Patrick’s Day is a national holiday in Ireland. It is also celebrated by people of Irish descent in many other countries, especially by Irish Americans in the United States. It is a holiday honoring Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. Irish people celebrate Saint Patrick’s Day with parades and pageantry annually on March 17, his feast day. The holiday honors the man who brought Christianity to Ireland. According to legend, Saint Patrick used the three leaves of the shamrock to explain the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. The shamrock is now the national emblem of Ireland.

One popular St. Patrick’s Day tradition is wearing green clothing. Green, the national color of Ireland, symbolizes the island’s lush landscape.

Businesses are closed, except for some restaurants and pubs. People attend church services honoring St. Patrick and learn about his life. Many Irish people wear sprigs of real shamrock and greet each other by saying, "May the blessings of St. Patrick be with you." Many enjoy a traditional meal that includes colcannon—boiled potatoes and cabbage mashed together with butter. The day is also seen as a reprieve from the sober weeks of Lent, and adults may drink a pint of ale (called “drowning the shamrock”) and allow their children some candy.

descent –происхождение

pageantry – пышное зрелище, великолепие

shamrock – трилистник

the Trinity - Троица

Mother's Day

Mothering Sunday, traditionally the fourth Sunday in Lent, is a day to visit and bring gifts to one’s mother.

April Fool's Day

April Fools’ Day or All Fools' Day is the first day of April. April Fools’ Day jokes are generally amusing but harmless. For example, someone may give a friend the telephone number of the zoo, telling her to return a call from “Mr. Fox.” On this day it is customary to play practical jokes on people, causing them to believe something that isn’t true or to go on a fruitless errand. Although the origin of the custom is unknown, a common theory is that it developed as part of ancient spring festivals. April 1 is a day for pranks in Germany, France, Great Britain, the United States, Canada, and elsewhere.

errand – поручение

prank- шалость, проделка; шутка

Easter

Good Friday is Friday immediately preceding Easter and celebrated by Christians as the anniversary of Christ’s crucifixion. The name Good Friday is generally believed to be a corruption of God’s Friday. In most of Europe, in South America, in the United Kingdom and many parts of the Commonwealth, and in several states of the U.S., Good Friday is a legal holiday.

Easter is an annual festival commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ, and the most important feast of the Christian year. Easter is a joyous occasion because on this day Christians celebrate Christ’s victory over death.

However, many customs of the season are less serious in nature and have more to do with the beginning of spring. Painting eggs in bright colors with pretty designs is a popular Easter pastime that particularly delights children. Other customs include various Easter foods, the practice of wearing new clothes on Easter Sunday, and the traditional Easter egg hunts and Easter rabbits.

The Easter bunny, Easter eggs, and Easter baskets lack religious associations but are popular symbols of Easter. The Easter bunny made its first appearance in Germany and came to the United States with the Pennsylvania Dutch in the 1700s. Eggs, a common symbol of fertility, are associated with many spring festivals. The basket provides a nest for decorated eggs and for candies and other items given as gifts at Easter.

Crucifixion - распятие Христа

Resurrection - Воскресение Христово

fertility - плодородие, плодовитость

May Day (Spring Bank Holiday)

May Day, a holiday of ancient origin, is observed on the first day of May, especially in Europe. It has traditionally been celebrated with merrymaking and festivities. Some experts trace May Day celebrations back to agricultural and fertility rites of pre-Christian times. Others associate May Day festivals with ancient Roman rites practised in honour of Flora, the Roman goddess of spring. It has to some extent retained its old significance – that of a pagan spring festival.

May Day is traditionally greeted with joyous dancing around a garlanded pole, called a maypole, from which streamers hang. Each dancer holds the end of a streamer, and the dancers wind the streamers into a pattern as they move around the maypole – a tall pole decorated with flowers and ribbons. The girls put on their best summer dresses and put flowers in their hair and around their waists. Some schools and colleges still hold May Day festivals with maypole dancing in fancy costumes and the selection of a May queen. The most beautiful girl is crowned with a garland of flowers. The dancers represent characters from the Robin Hood legends.

Children also celebrate May Day with the exchange of May baskets. After making baskets of paper, they fill the baskets with flowers, candy, or other goodies and give them to friends. Traditional May Day festivities have been kept alive in parts of England and other European countries.

pagan-языческий

maypole-майское дерево (украшенный цветами столб, вокруг которого танцуют 1 мая в Англии)

Spring Bank Holiday

Spring Bank Holiday is celebrated on the last Monday in May. It is an official holiday when all the offices are closed and people don’t go to work. Many people go to the country on this day and have picnics.

Late Summer Bank Holiday

It is another official public holiday and is celebrated on the last Monday in August. During the August Bank Holiday townsfolk usually go to the country and to the seacoast. If the weather is fine, many families take a picnic lunch or tea with them and enjoy their meal in the open. Seaside towns near London are invaded by thousands of Londoners who come in cars and trains, on motor-cycles and bicycles.

The August Bank Holiday is also a time for big sport meetings at large stadiums, mainly all kinds of athletics. There are also horse races all over the country, and, most traditional, there are large fairs with swings, roundabouts, Punch and Judy shows and every kind of other entertainments. Traditional on this day is the famous Henley Regatta.

Henley Regatta - Хенлейская регата (традиционные международные соревнования по гребле на Темзе в Хенли; являются неофициальным первенством мира; общая длина дистанции 2,1 км; проводятся ежегодно в июле)

Hallowe'en (Hallows Evening)

Halloween is a holiday observed on the evening of October 31 in most areas of North America and in some areas of Western Europe. The holiday is symbolically associated with death and the supernatural. Halloween falls on the eve of All Saints’ Day, also known as Allhallows or Hallowmas, a holy day in the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches. Originally a pagan festival of the dead, All Saints’ Day was established by the Catholic Church in the 9th century to honor Christian saints. All Souls’ Day, a holy day established by the Catholic Church in the 10th century, is also closely linked to Halloween. All Souls’ Day, on November 2, is observed to help purify the spirits of the dead.

Halloween decorations typically feature imagery associated with witches, werewolves, vampires, and ghosts. Images thought to symbolize bad omens—such as black cats, bats, and spiders—are also commonly featured in Halloween decorations.

The most celebrated Halloween decoration is the jack-o’-lantern, traditionally a hollowed-out pumpkin carved to resemble a grotesque face and illuminated by a candle placed inside. The jack-o’-lantern derives its name from a character in British folktales. According to these tales, the soul of a deceased person named Jack O’Lantern was barred from both heaven and hell and was condemned to wander the earth with his lantern. Orange and black, colors associated with pumpkins and darkness respectively, figure prominently in most Halloween decorations.

Dressing in costume is one of the most popular Halloween customs, especially among children. However, costumes inspired by contemporary popular culture, such as politicians or movie characters, have become increasingly common in recent years. Adults often favor costumes with satirical or humorous overtones.

Trick-or-treating is another Halloween tradition, in which costumed children go from house to house soliciting candy or other treats from their neighbors. According to this custom, children greet each homeowner with the cry “Trick or Treat,” suggesting that some sort of prank will be played unless treats are provided. Since the early 20th century the threat of tricks has been largely ceremonial.

Jack-o’-lantern-фонарь из тыквы с прорезанными отверстиями в виде глаз, носа и рта

Trick-or-treating - детская игра "кошелёк или жизнь"

Guy Fawkes' Day

Guy Fawkes (1570-1606), English conspirator, was born in York. A Protestant by birth, he became a Roman Catholic. He became involved with Thomas Winter and others in the Gunpowder Plot to blow up Parliament as a protest against the anti-Roman Catholic laws. It was a plot to kill King James I during the ceremony of opening Parliament. On the night of November 4-5, 1605, he was caught in a cellar underneath the House of Lords and arrested. After severe torture he disclosed the names of his accomplices, and with them he was hanged. Guy Fawkes Day is celebrated on November 5 in the United Kingdom and some other parts of the British Commonwealth with bonfires and fireworks.

Today, in mock rebellion, children make effigies of Guy Fawkes called “a guy” made of old clothes, straw and old hats. They parade down the streets, chanting and asking passersby for money to spend on fireworks saying “Penny for the guy”. They wear some fancy clothes and blacken their faces. They may also have a little cart with a guy in it. The effigies are burned in bonfires later that night.

King James I – король Яков I

accomplice – соучастник

effigy - чучело

Remembrance Day

On the second Sunday in November, Remembrance Day honors veterans. Red paper poppies are sold by the British Legion to raise money for veterans.

Remembrance Day - день памяти погибших в первую и вторую мировые войны, отмечается в воскресенье, ближайшее к 11 ноября, дню заключения перемирия в 1918 году

Christmas

Christmas is the main public holiday in Britain when people spend time a t home with their families, eat special food and drink a lot. Christmas is a Christian festival to remember the birth of Jesus Christ.

Long before Christmas time shops become very busy because a lot of people buy Christmas presents. A lot of money is spent on the presents, but many people enjoy it. Every day television and newspapers say how many days are left before Christmas. People also buy Christmas cards to send to their friends and relatives. The cards have the words “Merry Christmas!” and pictures of the birth of Christ, Santa Claus and a Christmas tree, a robin or scenes of old-fashioned Christmases. In churches people sing Christmas carols – special religious songs. Sometimes groups of people walk about the streets and sing carols at the doors of houses. Houses are decorated with lights and branches of mistletoe and other prickly leaves.

Boxing Day

Boxing Day is so called for small boxes that tradespeople and civil servants traditionally carried around to collect tips, is now simply a leisure day and a very busy day in the sporting calendar. Many offices, but not shops, close for all of the Christmas-to-New Year period.

Boxing Day - день рождественских подарков, второй день Рождества

Ex.1. Answer the questions.

1. What are bank holidays? 2. What holiday honors lovers / veterans / the Roman goddess? 3. What holiday has pagan origin? 4. What is the main public holiday in Britain? 5. What English holiday attracts you most and why?

Ex.2. Make a plan of your report about English holidays and speak on them.

Text 11. London

Roadways

By John Masefield

One road leads to London,

One road runs to Wales,

My road leads me seawards

To the white dipping sails.

One road leads to the river

As it goes singing slow.

My road leads to shipping

Where the bronzed sailors go.

My road calls me, lures me

West, east, south and north,

Most roads led men homewards,

My road leads me forth.

Discovering London

Welcome to London - the capital and the largest city of the United Kingdom. It dominates the life of the country. It is one of the most popular tourist attractions, resorts and the biggest English ports.

London is a very old city. It began life two thousand years ago. A Roman fortification was at a place where it was possible to cross the River Thames.

A cruise on the Thames is a “must” for those who want to understand more about London and its people!

On the bank of the river you can ride on the British Airways London Eye, one of the highest observation wheels in the world. It provides a stunning birds-eye view.

London contains more people than the whole of Scotland and Wales taken together. It covers about 1600 square kilometers. It is a number of cities, towns and villages that have grown together to make one vast urban area.

Let us have a tour of one of the most attractive cities ever built. In the centre of London there are 2 small towns from which it has grown up – the City and Westminster. The City is the Commercial Capital of the country. There are many banks, offices and Stock Exchange there.

Westminster is the government centre. It has many buildings important for cultural and intellectual life: the Houses of Parliament, the University of London, the British Museum, the National Gallery, the Tate Gallery and so on.

When you are in London you feel the city’s close connection with the Crown. There are royal palaces, parks and colourful ceremonies. Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen. Make sure to visit the former and the present royal residences and palaces!

London’s size and population, its history, industries and trades make it really one of the greatest cities of the world. Don’t miss a chance to see it with your own eyes! Do come to London to discover its charms!

Vocabulary Notes:

to 'dominate – преобладать, главенствовать

fortification – укрепление

a “must”- зд. то, что непременно нужно увидеть

stunning – ошеломляющий, великолепный

birds-eye view – вид с высоты птичьего полета

the whole of - весь

urban - городской

Stock Exchange – фондовая биржа

Crown – корона, королевская власть

Ex. 1. Write out sentences with the imperative mood. Translate them into Russian.

Ex. 2. Answer the questions. 1. What is London? 2. What was it in the past? 3. What is a “must” in the tour? 4. Where does London stand? 5. Is BA London Eye Eye the biggest bridge? 6. How great is the population of London? 7. What is the area of the city? 8. Where are the City and Westminster? 9. What are they famous for? 10. Why do you feel the city’s close connection with the Crown?

Ex. 3. Read the extract from the leaflet about London. Get some more information of the city.

Our morning tour starts with a drive through Westminster, past Downing Street, home of the Prime Minister, then on to the Houses of Parliament and the famous Big Ben. The tour stops for a visit inside Westminster Abbey, site of many royal coronations. We visit the Poet’s Corner and the tombs of many well-known scientists and artists. We then stop at Buckingham Palace to see the colourful ceremony of the Changing of the Guard.

Driving through busy streets and past peaceful parks, the tour continues to Piccadilly, home of London’s Theatreland. We pass Trafalgar Square with its impressive Nelson’s Column and fountains, before reaching our traditional London pub for lunch. A wide range of unique gifts will be on sale at the Gift Shops.

Ex. 4. Imagine that you are a tour guide. Make an excursion about London.

Ex. 5. Write if statements 1-6 are true or false.

1. The Royal Family lived in Reading for long periods of time. 2. The music festivals last for the same period of time. 3. You can get tickets for the Reading Festival only in Reading. 4. It is easy to book a room in a hotel during the festivals.		Reading is a modern, prosperous town on the south bank of the River Thames. Guarding the western approaches to London, it has always been important. It was a stopping-off point for kings and queens and once it was home to one of the country’s richest abbeys. Today almost nothing is left of the old town except the remains of the abbey. There is a flourishing arts scene in the town, with both the Reading Film Theatre and the Hexagon Theatre. Reading is also famous for its big summertime festivals. The first, the Folk Poetry Festival, lasts five days. The three-day World Music, Arts and Dance Festival was originally inspired by Peter Gabriel. Held a little later in the summer the Reading Festival is a three-day event featuring many of the big names of contemporary music. Details of who is performing are published in the music press at least a couple of months in advance and tickets are available from record shops across the country. If you are planning on being in Reading for any of the festivals be sure to reserve a room months in advance.
5. A man-made waterway is one of the town’s sights. 6. The Beatrix Potter Exhibition is located in the tower of the cathedral.		Gloucester has played an important role in the history of England. Commercial prestige came to town with trade up the River Severn, which developed into one of the busiest trade routes in Europe. However, navigating the Severn was so difficult that most trade gradually moved to the south. To help the city, a canal was opened in 1827, but it didn’t improve the situation. Today, the canal is busy once again, though this time with pleasure boats. It has become a great new tourist attraction. Gloucester’s most prominent sight is the cathedral, its tower visible for miles around. The impressive buildings around the cathedral include the Beatrix Potter Exhibition in the house used by the children’s author for her illustrations of the story of the “Tailor of Gloucester”.

1	2	3	4	5	6

Text 12. My Career Prospects

As I am a second-year student of the History faculty at Orenburg State Pedagogical University I am seriously thinking about my career prospects. It is a delicate and important issue. If you choose the wrong career, you are unsuccessful and unhappy. If you choose the right career, you are successful and happy.

There are two options for me after graduation – going to a post-graduate course or starting my career. It is difficult to find a rewarding job. So you must decide what is more important for you – a stressful job giving financial stability or a poorly paid job giving moral satisfaction.

There are some professions connected with the field of history - a historian, a history teacher and an archaeologist.

The concern of all serious historians is to collect and record facts about the human past and often to discover new facts. Most historical facts can only be known through intermediary sources. These include testimony from living witnesses; previous histories, memoirs, letters; legal and financial records; and the unwritten information from the physical remains of past civilizations, such as architecture, arts and crafts, burial grounds, and cultivated land. Historians, therefore, have to assess their evidence with a critical eye. The historian must respect the facts, avoid ignorance and error as far as possible, and create a convincing, intellectually satisfying interpretation.

Archaeologists attempt to reconstruct past ways of life. Archaeology is an important field of anthropology, which is the broad study of human culture and biology. Archaeologists concentrate their studies on past societies and changes in those societies over extremely long periods of time.

So, to qualify for a good job it is necessary to have a solid educational background, computer skills, knowledge of at least one foreign language. I hope I will not be unemployed as young qualified specialists are in demand.

Vocabulary:

issue – проблема, вопрос

graduation – окончание университета

option - выбор, альтернатива, возможный вариант

a post-graduate course – аспирантура

rewarding - стоящий, полезный, приносящий удовлетворение

archaeologist - археолог

concern – забота, беспокойство, интерес

intermediary sources – косвенные источники

testimony – свидетельство, утверждение

witness = свидетель, быть свидетелем

burial ground - курган

assess – дать оценку, оценивать

convincing- убедительный

concentrate on – сконцентрировать внимание на

qualify for – быть подходящей кандидатурой для

a solid educational background – солидная база знаний, хорошее образование

be in demand – пользоваться спросом

Ex.1. Translate from Russian into English: второкурсник, планы на будущее, тот, не тот, поступить в аспирантуру, моральное удовлетворение, плохо оплачиваемая работа (работа с низкой заработной платой), общество, по меньшей мере, связанный с, раскрыть новые факты.

Ex.2. Answer the questions: 1. Why is it important to choose the right career? 2. What options do you have after graduation? 3. What is more important for you – a well-paid but stressful job or an interesting job with a low salary? 4. What professions are connected with the field of history? 5. What is the historians’ concern? 6. What sources do they study to learn about the human past? 7. What do archaeologists concentrate on? 8. What skills do you need to qualify for a good job?

Text 13. Higher Education in the UK

At the age of 16, prior to leaving school, students are tested in various subjects to earn a General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). If they wish to go on to higher education at a university, they take Advanced Level examinations, commonly known as “A” Levels. About a third of British students leave school as soon as possible after turning 16, usually taking lower-level jobs in the workforce. Those who stay in school past the age of 16 may pursue either further education or higher education. Further education is largely vocational, as is adult education. Students may also stay in school until age 18 to prepare for higher education.

The percentage of young people entering universities in Britain is far lower than in the United States, where more than half attend.

Britain has more than 90 universities. British universities can be divided into several categories. The foremost universities are the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, both founded in the Middle Ages. England’s oldest institution of higher learning, Oxford University, is a federation of 35 colleges, each with its own structure and activities. Many prominent people have attended it.

The term Oxbridge is used to refer to both schools as a single entity, much as Americans would use the term Ivy League in reference to the group of prestigious East Coast universities. Scotland has equivalent ancient institutions at Edinburgh, Glasgow, and St. Andrews.

Another type of university is the so-called redbrick variety—old and solid schools built in the 19th century when bricks were the standard building material.

The large number of ultramodern universities that sprouted up in the last half of the 20th century are often called cement block and plateglass universities. London has its own great schools, the enormous University of London and its world-famous college, the London School of Economics.

Students interested in advanced education can also attend polytechnics, which are schools dedicated to the sciences and applied technology. An Education Act in 1992 changed the status of these colleges to universities.

Higher education can also be obtained through the Open University, founded in 1969, which offers extension courses taught through correspondence, television and radio programs, videocassettes and CDs. It also sponsors local study centers and residential summer schools. The purpose of the Open University is to reach people who may not ordinarily be qualified for university study.

Vocabulary notes:

prior to – до, перед тем, как

a General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE)-Общее свидетельство о среднем образовании, сертификат о законченном среднем образовании

(выдается успешно окончившим теоретический курс средней школы).

Advanced Level examinations -экзамен по программе средней школы второго уровня сложности (на повышенном уровне) (сдается по окончании шестого класса; результаты этого экзамена учитываются при поступлении в университет)

pursue – продолжать

vocational –профессиональный

be enrolled – быть зачисленным в списки

foremost-передовой, находящийся впереди других; выдающийся, превосходящий других

Oxbridge-университеты Оксфорда и Кембриджа

Ivy League-"Лига плюща" (объединение 8 старейших привилегированных учебных заведений на северо-востоке США)

Redbrick universities – "новый", "кирпичный" (о технических университетах, основанных в XIX-XX вв.)

Plateglass universities - "стеклянные университеты" (семь университетов, созданных по инициативе правительства в 60-е в связи с возросшей потребностью в научно-технических кадрах; здания современного вида с окнами из зеркального стекла. Имеют право присуждать учёные степени.)

Ex.1. Learn the vocabulary and speak on the British system of higher education.

Ex.2. Make a dialogue and compare British and Russian higher education.

Text 14. The History of Orenburg

Orenburg, formerly Chkalov, is an administrative center of the Orenburg region (Orenburg Oblast), Russia, on the Ural River. Originally established in 1735 at the site of what later became the city of Orsk, Orenburg was moved to its present location in 1743 and subsequently served as a center of Russian trade with the Kazakhs. Its first governor was I.I.Neplyuev.

Though the city-fortress was built as a military outpost linking 3 rivers the location was already known as an economic and trade centre. Orenburg was the commercial link between the West and Central and Eastern Asia. The city was built on a high riverbank in the form of a rectangle and was surrounded by an earthern rampart and a moat. There were four gates but few streets ran along the city. The primary purpose was to protect its inhabitants from nomadic cavalry attacks.

During the mid- to late 18^th century the Orenburg region was beset by popular unrest. Until 1741 the Bashkirs, a Muslim tribe of Turkic origin caused trouble. Cossacks in the Southern Urals were also active leading to the Rising of 1772.

The leader was Yemelyan Pugachev, a Cossack and Old Believer who was illiterate but a fiery orator. He claimed that he was Peter III reportedly murdered by his wife who seized the throne as Catherine II. From October 1773 to March 1774 Pugachev’s troops laid siege to the Orenburg fortress. The population suffered a lot. His last and biggest attempt lasted from January 13 through 24 1774. He failed and withdrew in defeat. Pugachev and his co-conspirators were executed in Moscow on January 10, 1775.

The economy of the city began to open up in 1876 with the completion of the Samara railroad and later – the Tashkent road. It became a centre for rail-related industry.

The Soviets took control in 1918 and made Orenburg the capital of the Kazakh Republic from 1920 to 1924.

The city was known as Chkalov from 1938 to 1957, when its current name was readopted. During World War II much Soviet industry was evacuated to Orenburg from points west for safety reasons, making the city the main industrial centre it continues to be. In 1970 the location of the gasworks industry in this area caused another growth expansion.

Today the city, an industrial and transportation center, has railroad repair shops, petroleum refineries, and factories producing machinery and leather goods.

Vocabulary Notes:

subsequently - впоследствии, позднее, позже

governor-губернатор

a military outpost - военныйаванпост (отдаленное поселение)

an earthern rampart-земляной(крепостной) вал

a moat - ров (с водой)

nomadic- кочевой, кочующий

popular unrest – народные волнения

of turkic origin – тюркского происхождения

Cossack - казак

claim-заявлять, утверждать

lay siege to - вести осаду, осаждать (что-л.)

withdraw – отступить

conspirator – заговорщик

execute - казнить

gasworks industry – газодобывающая промышленность

Ex.1. Give 4 forms of the following verbs: become, be, know, build, run, beset, lead, lay, withdraw, begin.

Ex.2. Answer the questions.

1. Why was Orenburg founded three times? 2. When did Orenburg get its second name? 3. What did it serve in the 18^th century? 4. What was the main reason for building the city? 5. What do you know about the Rising of 1772? What were its effects? 6. When was it the capital of the Kazakh Republic? 7. What industries began to develop in the city? 8. What changes did the city undergo during World War I?

Ex.3. Put the sentences in the chronological order.

1. The Orenburg region was beset by popular unrest.

2. Orenburg was moved to its present location and subsequently served as a center of Russian trade with the Kazakhs.

3. Much Soviet industry was evacuated to Orenburg from points west for safety reasons, making the city the main industrial centre it continues to be.

4. Pugachev’s troops laid siege to the Orenburg fortress.

5. The location of the gasworks industry in this area caused another growth expansion.

6. The Soviets took control and made Orenburg the capital of the Kazakh Republic.

7. The city was known as Chkalov.

Ex.4. Make a presentation of the city and its history and be ready to speak in class.

Text 15. History and Historiography

History is the totality of all past events of the known past. Historiography is the written record of what is known of human lives and societies in the past and how historians have attempted to understand them. History may be hard to define precisely, because it involves the use and influence of many other disciplines and literary forms.

All serious historians try to collect and record facts about the human past and often to discover new facts. They must know that the information they have is incomplete, partly incorrect, or biased and requires careful attention.

Historians may record events they themselves have witnessed, but historical facts can be known through other sources. These include testimony from living witnesses; narrative records, such as previous histories, memoirs, letters, and imaginative literature; the legal and financial records of courts, legislatures, religious institutions, or businesses; and the unwritten information derived from architecture, arts and crafts, burial grounds, and cultivated land.

Historians have to assess their evidence with a critical eye. The historian must respect the facts, avoid ignorance and error as far as possible, and create a convincing, intellectually satisfying interpretation.

Until modern times, history was regarded as a special kind of literature. Historians wrote detailed narratives of events and vivid character sketches with great attention to language and style.

Students of history invariably ponder questions of “what if.” What if Archduke Francis Ferdinand had not been assassinated? Would World War I still have happened? What if the United States had lacked aircraft carriers at the outset of World War II? Would Japan have won the battle for the Pacific? These and many other “what if” questions can range from ancient Mesopotamia to the end of the Cold War.

Vocabulary notes:

totality – совокупность

biased – предвзятый, необъективный

avoid ignorance and error – избегать невежества и ошибок

ponder over - размышлять над

Ex.1. Fill in the appropriate form of the words on the right.

The History of Man

1

How long has man been on earth? Let us travel 5,000 years into the past. We are in the days before man ___________ to write.

LEARN

2

Recorded history ________________________ yet.

NOT BEGIN

3

Let us go ___________ into the past to 8,000 years ago. We are in a world without cities or towns, houses or roads.

FAR

4

Yet there are people, about five million of them, ___________ on all five continents.

LIVE

5

They have cows and horses and they _______________ the land.

FARM

6

To find the ___________ man we must go many hundreds of thousands of years into the past.

ONE

7

The _________ true human being, Homo sapiens, appeared in Europe more than 50,000 years ago.

EARLY

8

We can be proud of the progress the man ___________ since then.

MAKE

Ex. 2. Answer the questions.

1.What is the subject of history and historiography? 2. What do historians study to uncover past events? 3. What should historians avoid when making interpretations of past events? 4. How was history treated until modern times? 5. What was the task of historians of the past?

Text 16. A Famous Russian Historian

Nikolay Mikhaylovich Karamzin (1766-1826), Russian poet, short-story writer, and historian. His Letters of a Russian Traveler, 1789-90 (1790-92; trans. 1803) gives his impressions of Western Europe, where he was received in literary circles; it helped to introduce the cult of sentimental literature. Appointed court historian in 1803, Karamzin devoted the rest of his life to compiling the massive History of the Russian State (12 volumes, 1816-29); it remained incomplete at his death, closing with the early 17th century. The work is now considered less important as a scholarly achievement than for its great influence on Russian literary style and the Russian language. Among Karamzin’s fiction, the best known is the story “Poor Liza” (1792; trans. 1803).

(abridged from Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005)

Ex.1. True or false? 1. Karamzin is a great modern Russian archaeologist. 2. He was not received in the literary circles of Western Europe. 3. He compiled History of the Russian State in 13 volumes. 4. His work is recognized as a great historical achievement. 6. His monumental work remained incomplete at his death.

Ex.2. Ask five questions to the text.

Ex.3. Find some more information about other Russian historians and speak on them. Explain your choice.

Text 17. A Famous Foreign Historian

Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975) is a British historian known for his view of the past as a succession of civilizations rather than political entities.

Toynbee was born on April 14, 1889, and educated at Balliol College, University of Oxford. From 1912 to 1915 he was a fellow and tutor in ancient history at Balliol College, and he served as professor of Modern Greek and Byzantine history at the University of London from 1919 to 1924. From 1925 until his retirement in 1955 he was director of studies in the Royal Institute of International Affairs and research professor of international history at the University of London. He served in the Foreign Office of the British government during World War I and World War II and represented the British government at the peace conferences following both wars. He died in York, England, on October 22, 1975.

Of the many books written by Toynbee, the 12-volume series A Study of History (1934-61) has had considerable influence on modern attitudes toward history, religion, and international affairs. This monumental work is based on Toynbee’s thesis that history reflects the progress of civilizations or societies rather than of nations. It is a comparative study of 26 civilizations in world history, analyzing their genesis, growth, and disintegration. According to Toynbee’s hypothesis, the failure of a civilization to survive was the result of its inability to respond to moral and religious challenges, rather than to physical or environmental challenges. Among the other books written by Toynbee are The Western Question in Greece and Turkey (1922), The World and the West (1953), Acquaintances (1967), and Experiences (1969). Although admired for his vast scholarship and deeply philosophical approach, Toynbee was also criticized for his tendency to generalize and to stress regeneration through religion.

(Microsoft®Encarta® 2006. © 1993-2005)

Vocabulary Notes:

succession of civilizations – смена цивилизаций

political entity – политический строй, режим

Royal Institute of International Affairs - Королевский институт международных отношений (занимается исследованием вопросов международной политики, экономики и юриспруденции; выпускает учёные записки и издания; находится в Лондоне. Основан в 1920)

Foreign Office - Министерство иностранных дел

thesis – тезис, положения, диссертация

genesis - происхождение, возникновение

regeneration - возрождение, обновление

Ex.1. Answer the questions. 1. Where did Arnold Toynbee get his education? 2. What is known about his career from 1912 to 1924? 3. When was he director of studies in the Royal Institute of International Affairs and research professor of international history at the University of London? 4. What did he do during World War I and World War II? 5. Which of his works has had considerable influence on modern attitudes toward history, religion, and international affairs? 6. How did he explain the failure of a civilization to survive? 7. Why were his views criticized?

Ex.2. Speak on A. Toynbee and his contribution to history.

Ex.3. Find some information about other foreign historians.

Appendix I. Classroom expressions

1. Open the text-books and the copybooks. Откройте учебники и тетради.

2. Close your textbooks. Закройте учебники.

3. Revise the grammar material. Повторите грамматический материал.

4. Take your time. Не спешите.

5. Read the text (the passage), please. Прочитайте, пожалуйста, текст (отрывок).

6. Read the passage from the very beginning. Прочитайте отрывок c самого начала.

7. Speak up, will you? Говорите громче, пожалуйста.

8. Translate the text (the passage), will you? Переведите, пожалуйста, текст (отрывок).

9. Translate into Russian. Переведите на рус. язык.

10. Translate into English. Переведите на англ. язык.

11. Pronounce the word. Произнесите слово.

12. Take a seat. Присаживайтесь.

13. Make up a dialogue. Составьте диалог.

14. Use the words and expressions from your active vocabulary. Употребите слова и выражения из активного словаря.

15. Write in pen. Пишите ручкой.

16. Give in (hand in) your works. Сдайте работы.

17. Could you give out (hand out) the papers? Раздайте работы, пожалуйста.

18. Give out the hand-outs. Сдайте раздаточный материал.

19. Pass me your test papers. Передайте мне контрольные работы.

20. Pass the works to the front desks. Передайте работы на передние парты.

21. You are to retell the text. Вы должны пересказать текст.

22. You are supposed to make up a story of your own. Вы должны составить свой рассказ.

23. You are expected to learn the topic. Вы должны выучить тему.

24. Round up. Заканчивайте работу.

25. It’s time to finish writing. Пора закончить письменное задание.

26. Put down the date / your homework. Запишите дату / домашнее задание.

27. The class is over. = We are through. Занятие окончено.

28. You may be free. Вы можете быть свободны.

Students’ vocabulary:

1 Shall I start reading? Мне начать читать?

2 Shall I translate the text? Мне переводить текст?

3 Could you help me? Вы могли бы мне помочь?

4 What is the Russian / English for …? Как будет … по-русски / по-английски?

5 What does the word … mean? Что означает слово …?

6 May I come in? Можно войти?

7 May I go out? Можно выйти?

8 I’m sorry for being late. Извините за опоздание.

9 Do you mind if I open (close) the window? Вы не возражаете, если я открою (закрою) окно?