Словообразование

В английском языке слова образуются различными способами:

1 путем прибавления суффиксов:

office – official

king – kingdom

north – northern

small – smaller

great – greatly

mountain – mountainous

populate - population

depend – dependent

travel – traveller

fluent – fluently

Запомните: если в слове 4 слога и более, то в нем должно быть 2 ударных слога. Главное ударение падает на предпоследний слог, т.е. на слог, стоящий перед такими суффиксами, а второстепенное ударение падает на слог, от которого образовалось производное слово:

-tion: education, constitution, situation

-ic: economic, geographical, scientific

-ial: territorial

-ian: politician, academician

-ity: university, opportunity.

2 путем прибавления приставок:

a) re- (пере-, заново): tell – retell, write-rewrite

b) выражающих отрицание:

lucky – unlucky, agree – disagree, regular – irregular, legal – illegal, social–antisocial, possible – impossible;

c) over - (пере-, слишком) overdo;

d) under- (недо-) underestimate;

3 путем перехода одной части речи в другую – конверсии:

to help – помогать help – помощь

to separate – отделять separate – отдельный

to iron – гладить, утюжить iron – железо iron – железный

Запомните: если суффикс –ate в глаголе, то он читается [eıt]- 'situate, 'educated, e'vacuatе; а если –ate в существительном или прилагательном (наречии), то он читается [ıt] или [әt]- 'separately, university 'graduates. Ударение падает на слог через 1 от суффикса.

Глаголы, оканчивающиеся на суффиксы –ize (ise) и –fy, как правило, имеют 1 ударение на третьем слоге от суффикса: 'classify, per'sonify, a'pologize.

4 путем словосложения из 2 или 3 слов:

time + table = timetable, black + board = blackboard, writing + desk = writing-desk, go + between = go-between.

Ex.116. Revision. a) Complete the dialogue using the Present Simple, the Past Simple or the Present Perfect.

Val.: Hi, Fred. I (not to see) you for ages!

Fred: Hi, I’m sorry that I (not to be) in touch with you recently. I really (to be) busy.

Val.: So how are you doing now?

Fred: Fine, thanks. I (to pass) all my exams successfully and now we can see a lot of each other.

Val.: Congratulations! It (to sound) good!

Fred: Why don’t we go out today? I (to know) a very nice place nearby. They (to cook) a nice pizza there.

Val.: What a shame! Actually I’ve got an appointment with our professor. We (to arrange) it last week and I can’t put it off. We’re working on a new project.

Fred: No problem! That (to be) really very important.

Val.: See you tomorrow. Bye!

Fred: It was nice seeing you. I’ll call you after 6.

Val.: Great! I’ll be back by that time.

b) Change the sentences in italics into the Passive Voice.

Конверсия

Конверсия – это образование новых слов путем перехода из одной части речи в другую без изменения написания и произношения, e.g. to interest (v.) – interest (n.); to condition (v.) - condition (n.); to study (v.) – study (n.); to mention (v.) - mention (n.); to affect (v.) - affect (n.); to cause (v.) - cause (n.); to impact (v.) - impact (n.). В некоторых словах происходит не только смещение ударения в зависимости от того, какая это часть речи, но и изменение лексического значения слова:

Существительное	Глагол
'import	im'port
'subject	sub'ject
'increase	in'crease
'decrease	de'crease
'export	ex'port
'survey	sur'vey
'present	pre'sent
'conduct	con'duct
'produce	pro'duce
'progress	pro'gress
'record	re'cord
'object	ob'ject
'refuse	re'fuse
'suspect	sus'pect

Ex. 117. Define what part of speech the word in italics is. Mind the translation.

1. Except for the special circumstance in which historians record events they themselves have witnessed, historical facts can only be known through intermediary sources. 2. Today almost nothing is left of the old town except the remains of the abbey. 3. The state borders on Pakistan, China, Nepal, Burma and Bangladesh. 4. Canada also has a sea-border with Greenland. 5. The complex relations between literary art and historiography have been and continue to be a subject of serious debate. 6. Russia ranks first in the world in its territory, stretching over Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. 7. It faces the Baltic and the Black Seas in the west, the Arctic Ocean and the seas in the north, and the Pacific Ocean and the seas in the east. 8. Human settlement on Moscow’s territory dates from the Stone Age, which began about 2.5 million years ago and lasted in this region until about 4000 bc.