Суффикс –ed читается:
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d после звонких согласных и гласных: try – tried enter – entered travel –travelled refer – referred open – opened
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t после глухих согласных: work – worked stop – stopped discuss – discussed search – searched cough - coughed |
ıd после глаголов, оканчивающихся на –d, -t: want – wanted hand – handed need - needed defend – defended start – started translate – translated decide – decided invade - invaded |
Ex.52. Open the brackets.
1 I (buy) a great CD yesterday but it (turn out) faulty. 2 I (not go) to the beach at all last summer. 3 I (meet) a lot of interesting people when I (be) a student. 4 You (spend) so much money last night? 5 When you (start) this job? 6 He (start) this job two years ago because he (need) money to pay for his studies. 7 I (think) I would like it but I (be) wrong. 8 On November 26 in 2008 the Upper House of the Russian parliament (approve) amendments to the constitution extending the presidential term from four to six years. 9 Thirty years ago the weather (be) completely different. 10 Reuters news agency (report), citing an Iranian official, the situation is recovering. 11 Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) (be) an Italian Spanish navigator who (sail) west across the Atlantic Ocean in search of a route to Asia but (achieve) fame by making landfall in the Americas instead. 12 Victoria (1819-1901) (be) the queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901) and empress of India (1876-1901). Her reign (be) the longest of any monarch in British history and (come) to be known as the Victorian era. 13 Elizabeth I (1533-1603) (be) the queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603), daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth (be) the longest-reigning English monarch in nearly two centuries and the first woman to successfully occupy the English throne. 14 Elizabeth II, born in 1926, is the queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Elizabeth Alexandra Mary (be) born in London, the first child of the duke and duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. She (come) to the throne on February 6, 1952, and (be) crowned at Westminster Abbey on June 2, 1953.
Ex.53. Complete the table and learn these verbs.
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Infinitive |
Past Simple |
Past Participle |
Present Participle |
Translation |
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be |
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broke |
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done |
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giving |
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take |
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sent |
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written |
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reading |
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get |
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spent |
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gone |
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leaving |
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come |
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had |
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built |
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knowing |
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say |
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bore |
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bought |
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choosing |
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think |
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Ex.54. Use either the Past Simple or the Present Perfect.
1 Yesterday I phoned / have phoned you, but you have been / were out. 2 I worked / have worked here since the end of last week. 3 Your taxi just arrived / has just arrived. 4 We are enjoying our trip. We have made / made a lot of friends. 5 I’ve seen / saw a film with Hugh Grant a few days ago. 6 We have been / went to a very informative seminar last week. 7 Today has been / was really busy. It’s 7 p.m. I should leave now. 8 Are you sure we have come / came to the right address? 9 Have you seen / did you see my laptop? I’m sure I have left / left it here earlier. 10 I’m afraid Pam isn’t here. She has left / left the office. 11 I’m afraid Pam has left / left the office an hour ago.
Ex.55. Circle the best time expression. 1. Did you learn to drive when you were 19 /ever/in your life? 2. I didn’t go to the cinema lately/last month. 3. So far, I’ve been to other countries twice / last year. 4. He wanted to have a career in the police but he failed the entrance exam this year / two years ago. 5. He had not many days off recently / last year. 6. He had a problem with his computer in his life / last term.
Ex.56. Translate into Russian.
The president planned to tour the Volga district where a genetic laboratory has opened. 2. The schedule also included a conference on the socio-economic development of the Volga Federal District. 3. Queen Elizabeth described 1992 as an “annus horribilis” (horrible year). 4. In 2002 Elizabeth toured the Commonwealth countries to mark her golden jubilee, the 50th anniversary of her accession to the throne. 5. Cromwell governed as Lord Protector from 1653 to 1658 under England’s only written constitution, the Instrument of Government.
The Past Continuous
was
+ the Present Participle (V4
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were
+ They were surfing the Net all the evening.
- They were not surfing the Net all the evening.
? Were they surfing the Net all the evening?
Это время обозначает процесс или действия, которые длились в определенный момент или период времени в прошлом. Действие не закончено, e.g. What were you doing yesterday at 7 p.m.? – I was swimming at a health centre.
В отрицании частица “not” ставится перед смысловым глаголом. They were not looking for a place to live.
В вопросах вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим. Were they discussing the issue the whole day?
Указатели времени – all day, all that year, the whole morning, yesterday, at 6 p.m., from morning till night.
Note: I was reading when they came back. В этом предложении was reading обозначает процесс, длящийся в определенный момент речи, а came – однократное действие, которое прерывает этот процесс.
Ex.57. Ask your mates what they were doing yesterday at different time of the day.
Ex. 58. Fill in the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.
Alex: Hey Vicky, what … (do) last weekend?
Vicky: Me? I … (help) my dad at home. My cousins … (come) to stay with us.
Alex: But that’s not all weekend. I … (go) to a concert on Friday night. That new group … (play) in the sports centre. You … (see) it?
Vicky: No, my cousins … (arrive) at 6 o’clock and we … (pick) them up. We … (show) them our city and its attractions.
Ex.59. Choose the best verb form.
Last Sunday was nice. Helen walked / was walking in the park when she saw / was seeing something that made / was making her very angry. In the street just outside the park a man shouted/ was shouting at a woman who cried / was crying. But the man didn’t stop / wasn’t stopping. Helen immediately ran / was running to help the woman. When she got to her Helen started / was starting to laugh because she heard / was hearing another man say “OK, stop. Let’s do that again”. Helen realized / was realizing that the people acted / were acting. They made / were making a film.
The Past Perfect
had + Participle II (V3 (V+ed))
+ I had come before they entered the room.
- I had not come before they entered the room.
? Had you come before they entered the room?
Это время обозначает действие, которое закончилось раньше другого действия в прошлом или до определенного момента. На него может указывать предлог “by” – к или глагол в the Past Simple, e.g. They had finished the test by 12 o’clock. They had finished the test when the bell rang.
Глагол в the Past Perfect обычно переводится на русский язык глаголом в прошедшем времени совершенного вида.
Ex. 60. Translate the sentences.
1. It all happened by accident. His wife had sent him out to buy a new toaster, when he found himself standing in front of a computer display at the Banana Computer Store. 2. But Harvey didn’t come out in a minute. He had become completely obsessed with his computer. 3. He printed and re- printed and soon even he became exhausted. He hadn’t slept for days. He couldn’t work any more at his computer. 4. Rachel saw an advertisement for the pop festival and she really wanted to go. Her friends had been to the festival the year before and liked it. 5. Dad picked us up from the station. I think he had been quite worried about us but it wasn’t dangerous at the festival. 6. We put up our tents. But, of course, I had taken too much food and too many clothes. There were food stalls everywhere. 7. Speaking of the situation in the social sphere, the Prime Minister said mortality rates were falling and the birth rate had just started growing – for the first time in many years.
The Future Simple
shall
+ V1
will
+ I think it will rain today.
- It will not rain today.
? Will it rain today?
1. Означает однократное или повторяющееся действие в будущем, но не выражает особого отношения к будущему действию в отличие от модально-окрашенных форм. Оно просто констатируется как гипотетическое действие, которое будет иметь место в будущем.
2. В сложных предложениях с придаточными времени, условия и уступки.
If you don’t study well, you’ll feel lack of knowledge. Gerry will meet you at the airport when you arrive. Even if it snows hard, we’ll go out.
3. Выражает прогноз, предположение в сочетании с глаголами hope, feel, think, suppose, а также со словами probably, possibly, perhaps.
I think I’ll have some pizza and Coke. Perhaps she’ll be late.
4. Решение, принятое в момент речи.
Where are you going? – To the station. – OK, I’ll give you a lift.
Как вы уже заметили, сокращенная форма вспомогательного глагола – ’ll. А в отрицании will not = won’t, shall not = shan’t.
Указатели будущего времени – tomorrow, next week, in 2030, in a year, tonight, the day after tomorrow, some day.
Ex.61. a) Disagree. Prove your opinion. Pattern: Nick will come next week. – No, he won’t. I’m afraid he will be on a business trip.
1 Frank and Pam will go picnicking at the week-end. 2 You will take exams in November. 3 Kelly will help you when she comes from work. 4 We will be at home after 9 p.m. 5 He will take a taxi to get there. 6 I shall get up at 6 tomorrow. 7 She won’t tell you the secret. 8 She will never travel by plane.
b) Ask your questions to these sentences.
Ex.62. Say what you will / will not do when you graduate from the university. Make up 10 sentences. Use the phrases: go to the army, have a large family, apply for a good job, build a comfortable house, get married, travel abroad a lot, continue education, make a career in…, teach at school.
Ex.63. Translate into Russian.
1. If services prohibit a visit inside Westminster Abbey we will visit St. Paul’s Cathedral. 2. There will be plenty of opportunities to take photographs. 3. The Palace’s own guide will help you with any further information you may require. 4. On arrival to Paris you will enjoy a fully guided panoramic tour of the city. 5. There will be a luxury coach waiting to take us to Rome, won’t there? 6. Your evening will begin in the heart of London’s West End. 7. You won’t return soon, will you? 8. “If unemployment benefit is increased, then some people who never worked will come to the labour market,” he said. 9. Even if the economy starts bottoming out, the situation with unemployment will keep getting worse.
Ex.64. On New Year’s Eve many people make resolutions about what they will or will not do the next year. Imagine it’s New Year’s Eve. Write down three resolutions. Example: I will give up smoking. I will lose weight.
Ex.65. Cars, electric lights, space travels and fantastic advances in medicine and further technology have changed people’s lives. So what might the new millennium bring? Read the predictions to find out. Share your opinion with your fellow students. The Future and Us
In a recent UK survey, teenagers predicted that by 2020 school uniforms won’t be around, that both boys and girls will wear make-up more often and more than 75% of men will wear skirts regularly. My dad is sixty next Sunday and I think I’ll buy him a skirt as a birthday present and tell him he’s in fashion!
By 2025 more men will do more housework. I’ll tell that to my roommate when he gets home!
You will need an electronic card to get into some parks as parents demand more safety for their children. Some parents will have cameras at home to keep an eye on their children while they are at work.
Men and women will wear the same clothes and footwear. Women will be as tall as men and men will be two meters tall by next decade.
Students will no longer go to school as they will be taught by voice-activated computers. Fewer people will read books in libraries as more will search in the Net.
Researchers have concluded that cultural activity may add to your life. The cinema, concerts and theatre will give us a longer life as they stimulate strong emotions.
Elderly people are going to make up a larger proportion of the world population than ever before. In Britain, an estimated 100,000 people now in their thirties may live to be 100!