Оборот «Инфинитив с предлогом for»

Оборот «Инфинитив с предлогом for» (the for-to-Infinitive Construction) вводится предлогом for и состоит из существитель­ного в общем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже и инфи­нитива. Такой оборот может являться любым членом предложения и переводиться на русский язык придаточным предложением или существительным (местоимением) с инфинитивом:

It is necessary for him to get a visa.

Необходимо, чтобы он получил визу.

Ему необходимо получить визу.

EXERCISE 7

Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитив с предлогом for.

1. For me to be your friend is impossible.

2. We waited for the director to finish his conversation over the telephone.

3. I’ll re-read the rules for you to understand them better.

4. Here is the case for you to study.

5. The best thing for the accused to do was to tell the truth.

6. For him to admit his failure was unbearable.

7. It is for you to decide for or against the plaintiff.

8. To reach a verdict it is necessary for at least ten jurors of the twelve to agree.

9. The court appointed an attorney for the defendant to consult with him.

WORDBUILDING

В тексте Lawyers at Work и упражнениях вам встретятся слова, имеющие одинаковую форму, но относящиеся к разным частям речи. Эти слова образованы путем конверсии. При конверсии от одного слова без изменения его формы образуется новое слово, относящееся к другой части речи, например: work (n) – работа и work (v) – работать; right (n) – право и right (a) – правый, правильный. Принадлежность таких слов к той или иной части речи определя­ется на основании их формальных и синтаксических признаков.

EXERCISE 1

Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на то, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова.

1. Mr. Green is a Crown Court judge. 2. We cannot judge if she is guilty. 3. The road works often result in a traffic jam. 4. He complained several times, but with no result. 5. She acts as our interpreter. 6. He has committed a number of illegal acts. 7. Miner criminal cases are tried in the Magistrates’ Courts. 8. This well-mannered man is a habitual criminal. 9. A civil wrong is a wrong action done to individuals or corporate bodies. 10. The article in the newspaper may wrong him considerably.

EXERCISE 2

Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

answer (2) direct (2) free (2) light (3) place (2) principal (2)

1. The candidate promises to … all the political prisoners. 2. This is the … where I lost my wallet. 3. There was a traffic jam and the policeman had to … the traffic. 4. There is no electricity. … the candle. 5. In the … of what he said the situation doesn’t seem hopeless. 6. Why didn’t you … my letter? 7. Mrs. Brady has been the … of our college for 7 years. 8. The court didn’t … him on probation because the offender was a drug addict. 9. The PM filled the … offices with his party members. 10. The girl was wearing jeans and a … blue shirt. 11. There is a … flight to London. 12. He is … to do as he likes with his money. 13. The constable repeated the question but there was no … .

READING

EXERCISE 1

Переведите заголовок текста на русский язык. Подумайте, какие юридические термины вы бы встретили в аналогичном тексте на русском языке. Знаете ли вы их английские эквиваленты? Проверьте себя по юридическому словарю.

EXERCISE 2

Не прибегая к помощи словаря, переведите следующие интернациональные слова на русский язык. Проверьте перевод выделенных слов по словарю.

practice v, n professional a examination n officially adv

qualify v specialize v prepare v argumentn

absolute a client n audience n firm n

contact n specific a immigration n mafia n

EXERCISE 3

Запомните произношение следующих слов:

practice ['prxktIs]	almost ['Llmoust]	attorney [q'tWnI]
insufficient ["Insq'fISqnt]	circumstance ['sWkqmstqns]	actually ['xkCuqlI]
experience [Iks'pIqrIqns]	drawing ['drLIN]	supply [sq'plaI]
barrister ['bxrIstq]	initial [I'nISql]	wealthy ['welTI]
solicitor [sq'lIsItq]	audience ['Ldjqns]	secure [sI'kjuq]

EXERCISE 4

Прочитайте текст, постарайтесь понять его и расположите пункты плана в соответствии с содержанием текста.

_____ Юристы в Англии.

_____ Специализация в работе юриста.

__1__ Начало профессиональной деятельности юриста.

_____ Рост числа юристов в мире.

_____ Различия в условиях работы и оплате труда юристов.

_____ Юристы в Америке.

Lawyers at Work

How does someone become a lawyer? In some countries in order to practice as a lawyer it is necessary to get a university degree in law. In others, a degree may be insufficient, professional examinations must be passed. Thus it can be said that a lawyer is a person who has become officially qualified to act in certain legal matters because of examinations she/he has taken and professional experience she/he has gained.

In England, where the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor, the main requirement is to have passed the Bar Final examination for barristers or the Law Society¹ Final examination for solicitors. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard in the highest courts. In general barristers are said to spend most of their time either in a courtroom or preparing their arguments for the court. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, and once they have been appointed, it is almost impossible for them to be dismissed. Judges also get very high salaries. The result of their absolute security is that some judges appear to have difficulty understanding the problems and circumstances of ordinary people. Solicitors handle legal work which does not come before a court such as giving advice to clients, drawing up wills, settling litigation out of court. They do much of the initial preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower and some higher courts, but in the highest courts they have a barrister argue their clients’ case.

There is no division into barristers and solicitors in the USA. Lawyers all receive legal education at law schools and therefore are all qualified for any legal profession they may later choose. A lawyer who is actually working in the practice of law is usually called an attorney. Most towns in the United States, for example, have small firms of attorneys who are in daily contact with ordinary people, giving advice and acting on matters such as consumer affairs, traffic accident disputes and contracts for the sale of land. Some may also prepare defenses for clients accused of crimes.

However, in both the United States and other industrialized countries, lawyers are becoming more and more specialized. Working in small firms, lawyers now tend to restrict themselves to certain kinds of work, and lawyers working in large law firms of over a hundred lawyers work on highly specific areas of law. One lawyer may be employed by a mining company just to prepare contracts for the supply of coal. Another may work for a newspaper advising the editors on libel matters. Another may specialize in advising stockbrokers on share transactions.

As well as the type of work, the working conditions and pay among members of the legal profession also vary greatly. A lawyer is usually supposed to lead a very wealthy and comfortable life. However it should not be forgotten that there are also lawyers whose lives are not so secure. The Wall Street attorney probably earns a high salary, but the small firm giving advice on immigration procedures may have to restrict salaries in order to stay in business. Lawyers involved in human rights get little or no payment for their work. Lawyers investigating political cases or cases against mafia may even find their profession to be a dangerous one.

The internationalization of law has provided a great deal of work for lawyers. The number of people entering the legal profession has been increasing, but the demand for lawyers has increased even faster, especially for those who can speak another language.

Note:

¹ Law Society – Общество юристов (профессиональныйсоюз солиситоров)

EXERCISE 5

Прочитайте текст еще раз, найдите и переведите на русский язык определение слова юрист.

EXERCISE 6

Найдите в тексте предложения со словами supply, share, handle, secure, experience, stay, pay, hand, final и определите, какой частью речи являются данные слова в этих предложениях.

EXERCISE 7

Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык, обращая внимание на раз­личные способы выражения определений к выделенным су­ще­ст­вительным:

client’s case, one lawyer, their arguments, lawyers working in firms, consumer affairs, professional examinations, the right to be heard, firms of attorneys, contracts for the sale, industrialized countries.

EXERCISE 8

Подберите из правой колонки русские эквиваленты английских словосочетаний:

1) to get a degree	a) получить квалификацию
2) to get a salary	b) давать советы
3) to restrict salaries	c) получать жалование
4) to restrict themselves	d) давать советы биржевым мак­ле­рам
5) to argue a case	e) оспаривать дело (в суде)
6) to investigate a case	f) составлять завещание
7) to give advice	g) ограничивать себя
8) to advise stockbrokers	h) специализироваться
9) to draw a will	i) не увеличивать жалование
10)to gain experience	j) получить опыт
11)to become specialized	k) получить степень (диплом)
12)to become qualified	l) расследовать дело

EXERCISE 9

Прочитайте данные ниже словосочетания. Обратите внимание на то, что выделенные слова соответствуют английскому слову security (securities). Переведите словосочетания на английский язык, используя схемы как подсказку:

1) государственные ценные бумаги; 2) полиция; армия; 3) биржи ценных бумаг; 4) коллективная безопасность; 5) закладная на недвижимость; 6) Совет Безопасности; 7) личная неприкосновен­ность; 8) ценная бумага на предъявителя; 9) котировка долговых бумаг; 10) в качестве залога; 11) обеспечение иска; 12) социальное обеспечение; 13) без гарантии; 14) комиссия по ценным бумагам и биржевым операциям.

collective		Council
as		for costs
social	SECURITY	to bearer
without		forces
land		of person

public		exchanges
	SECURITIES
listing of		and Exchange

Commission

EXERCISE 10

Слово bar употребляется в нескольких значениях: 1) кусок, брусок; 2) мн тюремная решетка; 3) бар, барная стойка; 4) преграда; 5) барьер, отделяющий судей в суде, at bar – в суде; bring before the bar – предавать суду; 6) коллегия адвокатов; барристеры (собир.), call to the bar – присваивать звание барристера; и др.

Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различия в значениях слова bar.

1. There is no bar to your applying for the job.

2. Let’s have a drink at the bar.

3. If his guilt is proven, the accused will spend six years behind the bars.

4. After passing the examination he was called to the bar.

5. The child ate the whole bar of chocolate and felt sick.

6. I have put a new bar of soap in the bathroom.

7. The prisoner is to be brought before the bar next Tuesday.

EXERCISE 11

Подберите пары близких по значению слов из двух колонок:

1) salary	a) to hire
2) to dismiss	b) wages / payment
3) to handle 4) attorney	c) slander d) to discharge
5) traffic	e) safe
6) to restrict	f) to limit
7) to employ	g) lawyer
8) libel	h) to deal with
9) secure 10) affair	i) transport j) matter
11) firm	k) company
12) contract	l) agreement

EXERCISE 12

Заполните пропуски предлогами, где это необходимо, и переведите предложения на русский язык.

on (3) --- to for (2) of in (5)

1. He specializes … immigration procedure problems.

2. The legal department works … the instructions … the employees.

3. The firm gives advice … members … the public … human rights.

4. We advise … our clients … various matters.

5. Senior barristers get large payment … their work.

6. The young lawyer wants to work … a large law firm … New York.

7. The legal adviser is said to be involved … mafia relations.

8. It is not enough to get a degree … law in order to become a lawyer.

EXERCISE 13

Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами из правой колонки. Обратите внимание на то, что два слова являются лишними.

1. When … is fully qualified he receives a certificate to sell his services. 2. In America … working in small firms do a variety of work. 3. … help with wills, house sale and other legal problems. 4. Every year many people … the Bar examination but only a few … it. 5. … speaks in a law court either for or against a case. 6. Solicitors have the right of … in magistrates’ courts and county courts. 7. … cannot continue to practice as barristers. 8. The company is going to sue the newspaper for … . 9. There are firms that … in dealing with people who are not able to pay for legal services.

audience arguments specialize a lawyer solicitors judges take attorneys libel a barrister pass qualify

EXERCISE 14

Найдите в тексте и переведите на русский язык шесть предложений с инфи­нитивными оборотами.

EXERCISE 15

Дайте ответы на вопросы по содержанию текста.

1. Who can be qualified to act as a lawyer?

2. What examination is it necessary to pass to become a barrister?

3. Who takes the Law Society Final examination?

4. What is the difference between barristers and solicitors?

5. Who are judges chosen from?

6. What kind of work do attorneys do?

7. In what way are lawyers becoming more and more specialized?

8. What kind of life are lawyers said to lead?

9. Whose work is considered to be dangerous?

EXERCISE 16

Кратко изложите текст, используя в предложениях опорные слова (или предложите свой вариант передачи содержания текста):

1) to practice, professional examination

2) barristers, the Bar Final examination

3) solicitor, the Law Society Final examination

4) arguments, cases, the right of audience

5) legal work, out of court, the right to be heard

6) attorneys, in daily contact, different kinds

7) to restrict, certain kinds, specific areas

8) to lead a life, wealthy, dangerous

9) the demand for, a foreign language, to increase

EXERCISE 17

Переведите текст Lawyers at Work на русский язык, обращая вни­мание на юридические термины из раздела Vocabulary.

VOCABULARY

legal	-		юридический, законный, правовой
legal profession	-		профессия юриста, адвоката; юридиче­ская профессия; юристы
degree	-		степень; ученая степень
university degree	-		университетская степень (диплом)
degree in law	-		степень бакалавра прав
examination	-		экзамен; допрос
professional examination	-		квалификационный экзамен
the Bar Final examination	-		экзамен на звание барристера
the Law Society Final examination	-		экзамен на звание солиситора
to take examination	-		сдавать экзамен
to pass examination	-		сдать экзамен
to examine	-		экзаменовать; допрашивать
to qualify	-		отвечать требованиям; опреде­лять, ква­ли­фициро­вать
qualification	-		квалификация
qualified	-		имеющий квалификацию; отвечающий требованиям
experience		-		опыт
to gain experience		-		приобретать опыт
barrister		-		барристер; адвокат, имеющий право выступать в высших судах
solicitor		-		солиситор; адвокат, поверенный
to argue		-		аргументировать, приводить доводы; доказывать, утверждать; обсуждать, дискутировать
argument		-		аргумент, довод, доказательство; дис­куссия, спор; выступление по делу, речь адвоката
right
human rights		-		права человека
to handle		-		рассматривать, разбирать
to handle legal work		-		рассматривать, разбирать правовые вопросы
to handle a case		-		заниматься делом, рассматривать де­ло (в суде)
to dismiss		-		увольнять, освобождать от должно­сти
advice		-		совет; консультация
legal advice		-		консультация юриста
to advise		-		советовать; консультировать
will		-		завещание
to draw (up) a will to make a will		-		составить завещание
litigation		-		тяжба, судебный спор, процесс
to settle litigation		-		урегулировать, разрешить спор
attorney		-		юрист, адвокат
to investigate		-		расследовать; изучать (вопрос); рас­сматривать (дело)
investigation		-		расследование, изучение, рассмотрение

TEST 3 (Units V, VI)