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ɇ. Ɇ. ɄɍɅəɒɈȼȺ
ɆȿɌɈȾɕ ɆȺɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ
ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ ȾȺɇɇɕɏ ȼ ɉɋɂɏɈɅɈȽɂɂ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ
«ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧ
2025
1
ɟɪɢɹ»
ɍȾɄ 159.9.075
ȻȻɄ 88.9
Ʉ90
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ
ɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɈ «ɆȽɍ ɢɦ. ɇ. ɉ. Ɉɝɚɪɺɜɚ»;
ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɈ «ɘɝɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ»,
ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ Ɍ. ȼ. ɉɪɨɧɶɤɢɧɚ
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ:
Ʉɭɥɹɲɨɜɚ, ɇ. Ɇ.
Ʉ90 Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ : ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨ-
ɫɨɛɢɟ / ɇ. Ɇ. Ʉɭɥɹɲɨɜɚ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ; ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ : ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ, 2025. –
240 ɫ. : ɢɥ., ɬɚɛɥ.
ISBN 978-5-9729-2266-6
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪ
ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ: ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ; ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ; ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɭ; ɧɚɛɨɪ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ «ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ», «ɋɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ» ɢ ɪɹɞɭ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
ɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ.
ISBN 978-5-9729-2266-6
ɍȾɄ 159.9.075
ȻȻɄ 88.9
Ʉɭɥɹɲɨɜɚ ɇ. Ɇ., 2025
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2025
Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2025
2
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ
ɉɊȿȾɂɋɅɈȼɂȿ .......................................................................................................... 4
ɈȻɈɁɇȺɑȿɇɂə ......................................................................................................... 6
1. ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɆȺɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɍɘ ɋɌȺɌɂɋɌɂɄɍ ..................................... 8
1.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ............................................................. 8
1.2. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ .......................................................................... 10
1.3. ȼɚɪɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɹɞɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ....................................................... 12
1.4. ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ .................................................. 20
1.5. ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ............................................ 21
1.6. ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ .................................................................................. 23
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ...................................................................................................... 26
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ............................................................................................... 39
ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ 1 ....................................................................................... 41
2. ȼɕəȼɅȿɇɂȿ ɊȺɁɅɂɑɂɃ ȼ ɍɊɈȼɇȿ ɂɋɋɅȿȾɍȿɆɈȽɈ
ɉɊɂɁɇȺɄȺ ................................................................................................................ 43
2.1. ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ................................................................. 43
2.2. ɇɟɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɫɜɹɡɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɤ .................................. 45
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ...................................................................................................... 52
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ............................................................................................... 63
ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ 2 ...................................................................................... 64
3. ɈɐȿɇɄȺ ȾɈɋɌɈȼȿɊɇɈɋɌɂ ɋȾȼɂȽȺ ȼ ɁɇȺɑȿɇɂəɏ
ɂɋɋɅȿȾɍȿɆɈȽɈ ɉɊɂɁɇȺɄȺ .............................................................................. 79
3.1. Ɉɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ................................................................... 79
3.2. ɇɟɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɤ ..................................... 80
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ...................................................................................................... 86
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ............................................................................................... 95
ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ 3 ...................................................................................... 96
4. ɄɊɂɌȿɊɂɂ ɋɈȽɅȺɋɂə ɊȺɋɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂɃ
ɂ ɆɇɈȽɈɎɍɇɄɐɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɋɌȺɌɂɋɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɄɊɂɌȿɊɂɂ ............. 109
4.1. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ .......................................... 109
4.2. Ɇɧɨɝɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ .................................................................. 114
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ .................................................................................................... 119
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ............................................................................................. 133
ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ 4 .................................................................................... 134
5. ɄɈɊɊȿɅəɐɂɈɇɇɕɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ....................................................................... 147
5.1. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ................................................................. 147
5.2. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ .............................................................. 150
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ .................................................................................................... 161
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ............................................................................................. 172
ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ 5 ..................................................................................... 173
ɌȿɋɌɈȼɕȿ ɁȺȾȺɇɂə .......................................................................................... 178
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ ....................................................................................................... 209
ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɋɉɂɋɈɄ .................................................................... 239
3
ɉɊȿȾɂɋɅɈȼɂȿ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ
ɷɬɢɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ – ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XX ɜɟɤɚ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢ ɨɯɨɬɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɹɡɵɤ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɫɢɯɨɮɢɡɢɤɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ
(ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ȼɟɛɟɪɚ – Ɏɟɯɧɟɪɚ), ɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤ Ɋɟɧɟ Ⱦɟɤɚɪɬ, ɜɧɟɫɲɢɣ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ.
«Ɂɪɟɥɨɫɬɶ
ɧɚɭɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ. ɋɚɦɚ ɠɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɭɤɨɣ ɜ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɪɨɞɚ ɢɝɪɭ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ», – ɬɚɤ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɋ. ɋ. ɋɬɢɜɟɧɫ ɫɜɨɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɬɪɭɞ «ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ», ɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ.
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ. Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɨɳɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧ
ɬɨɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚ.
ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɨ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ:
– ɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ
ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ;
– ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɫɬɚɬɢ-
ɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ;
– ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ;
– ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ;
– ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɤɟɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɯ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ. ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɨ-
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4
ɧɹɬɢɹɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ȿɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ – ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ȼ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɧɟɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ, ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɢ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. Ɋɚɡɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɧɟ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɡɜɨ-
ɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ.
Ɉɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ
ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɨɣ ɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ
ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ.
ȼɫɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɬɟɤɫɬɵ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ
ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ.
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ: ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ, ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɧɬɚɦ ɢ ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɚɦ; ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢ
ɤɚɦ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɫɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨ
ɚɞɪɟɫɭ kafivt@mail.ru.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɚɦ: ɞɨɰɟɧɬɭ Ɍ. ȼ. ɉɪɨɧɶɤɢɧɨɣ, ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɰɟɧɬɭ Ɋ. ȼ. ɀɚɥɧɢɧɭ ɡɚ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɢ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ.
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5
ɈȻɈɁɇȺɑȿɇɂə
Z
D
G
V
Q
k
P
k
X
V
N
V
x
M
T
T
ɏ, Y, Z, … – ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ.
,ix ,iy
– ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ
n
i
i
ɧɚɤ
n
i
ɧɚɤ
Z
i
– ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ.
z
i
.
x
i
– ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ
– ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ
– ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ
.
x
i
.
x
i
.
x
i
)(*xF – ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɇ(ɏ) – ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟ.
x
– ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ.
ɫɪ
x – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ.
ɝɚɪ
x – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ.
ɤɜ
x
– ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ.
ɝɦ
x – ɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ.
cɬ
,
– ɦɨɞɚ.
)(
XM
M
0
e
,
)(XM
m
e
o
– ɦɟɞɢɚɧɚ.
d – ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ.
)(
XD – ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ.
D – ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɹ.
ɜ
– ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɚɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɹ.
D
j
– ɜɧɭɬɪɢɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɚɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɹ.
2
– ɦɟɠɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɚɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɹ.
)(X
, V – ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ (ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɟ) ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ.
– ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ k.
k
– ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ k .
M
– ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ k.
k
– ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ k.
m
k
, Ⱥ – ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹ (ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ).
A
s
, ȿ– ɷɤɫɰɟɫɫ (ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɷɤɫɰɟɫɫɚ).
E
a ),(
a
– ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɏ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɚɪɚ-
ɚ ɢ
ɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ
– ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ Ƚɚɭɫɫɚ.
)(
– ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ Ʌɚɩɥɚɫɚ.
)(x)
.
– ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.
*
– ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ (ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ).
6
2
S
J
D
r
x
U
R
t
Ɍ
r
– ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɹ.
– ɞɨɜɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ (ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ).
– ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
Q-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ – ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ Ɋɨɡɟɧɛɚɭɦɚ.
U-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ – ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ȼɢɥɤɨɤɫɨɧɚ – Ɇɚɧɧɚ – ɍɢɬɧɢ.
ɇ-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ – ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ Ʉɪɭɫɤɚɥɚ – ɍɨɥɥɢɫɚ.
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ – ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ Ⱦɠɨɧɤɢɪɚ.
SG-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ – ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ.
-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ – ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ȼɢɥɤɨɤɫɨɧɚ.
Ɍ
2
F
-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ – ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ Ɏɪɢɞɦɚɧɚ.
L-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ – ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɉɟɣɞɠɚ.
G-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ – ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ.
2
F
-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ – ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɉɢɪɫɨɧɚ.
Ȝ-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ – ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ Ʉɨɥɦɨɝɨɪɨɜɚ – ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜɚ.
*
M
-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ – ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ Ɏɢɲɟɪɚ (ɭɝɥɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ɏɢɲɟɪɚ).
m-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ – ɛɢɧɨɦɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ.
,
– ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ.
y
x
y
– ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ Y ɧɚ X.
)(*xfyx
– ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ X ɧɚ Y.
)(*yx
M
y
– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ.
xy
– ɫɭɦɦɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɟɣ.
Q
– ɫɭɦɦɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ.
Q
ɨɫɬ
F-ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ – ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ Ɏɢɲɟɪɚ – ɋɧɟɞɟɤɨɪɚ.
– ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɋɬɶɸɞɟɧɬɚ.
,
– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɉɢɪɫɨɧɚ.
r – ɛɢɫɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ.
b
r – ɪɚɧɝɨɜɨ-ɛɢɫɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ.
rb
r – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɋɩɢɪɦɟɧɚ.
s
IJ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ Ʉɟɧɞɚɥɥɚ.
7
1. ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ȼ ɆȺɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɍɘ ɋɌȺɌɂɋɌɂɄɍ
ə ɞɭɦɚɸ, ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɟɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ.
Ⱥ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɯ.
ɇɭɠɧɨ ɜɵɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɝɪɵ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ:
– ɭɦɟɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ;
– ɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɵɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ
ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɧɢɦ.
1.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɨɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ,
ɫɬɨɢɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ:
– ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɨ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ;
– ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ;
– ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ;
– ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ;
– ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ;
– ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɵ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɧɨɫɹɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ – ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɛ-
ɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ.
ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ – ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɤɢɦ-
ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ.
ȿɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ – ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɜɨ-
ɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ.
8
Ɉ. Ƚɟɧɪɢ
Ⱥ. ɗɣɧɲɬɟɣɧ
ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟ-
ɋɩɥɨɲɧɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɨ-
ɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ.
ȼɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨɟ (ɧɟɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɟ) ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ – ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ – ɜɫɹ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɚɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ (ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ).
Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɦɟɸɳɭɸ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ
ɡɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ
ɰɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ
ɩɚɤɟɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ MS Excel.
Ƚɟɧɟɪɚ-
ȼɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ (ɜɵɛɨɪɤɚ) – ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶ-
ɲɚɹ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɪɢɦɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ:
ɧɵɟ
) ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ (ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ). ȿɫɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ
ɠɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɬɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢ.
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ (ɧɟɫɜɹɡɚɧ-
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɨ-
ɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɨ ɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
ȼɵɛɨɪɤɚ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ (ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ), ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ
ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɚ ɫ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɨɣ: ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɭ
(ɜɵɛɨɪɤɭ) ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɭ
(ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫ ɧɟɸ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɪɟ-
ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ [3].
Ɉɲɢɛɤɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ – ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɲɢɛɤɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ – ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ.
Ɉɲɢɛɤɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ – ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ ɜ
ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜɫɹ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɟ.
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ
ɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɜɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɚ – ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ-
ɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ȼɟɫɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɚ – ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸ-
ɳɟɝɨ, ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɣ ɨɬɛɨɪ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɜɵ-
ɛɨɪɤɢ. Ɉɧ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɭ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɣ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɛɨɪ – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɨɣɬɢ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɭ, ɢ ɢɡ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ.
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ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ
ȼɵɛɨɪɤɚ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ MS Excel.
Ɍɢɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ (ɫɬɪɚɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ) ɨɬɛɨɪ – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɢɡ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɋɟɪɢɣɧɵɣ ɨɬɛɨɪ – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɟɪɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɭ ɫɟɪɢɣ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɛɨɪ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨ-
ɱɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɚ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɷɤɫ-
ɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ.
ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɌȿɅɖ (ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝ)
p
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.)
p
ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɵɣ (ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɵɯ)
p
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ (ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ)
p
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ (ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɞɵ)
p
ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ
p
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ (ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɞɵ)
p
ɜɵɜɨɞɵ
p
ɉɈɅɍɑȺɌȿɅɖ ɇȺɍɑɇɈɃ ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂ (ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤ)
1.2. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ
ɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɟ – ɷɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ – ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ. ɂɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɲɤɚɥɟ ɫ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚɦɢ.
ɉɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ.
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ – ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ɂɯ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ, ɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ
ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ – ɷɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚ-
ɤɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ.
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