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An estimated 2-3% of all newborn infants will have a congenital birth defect
and an even higher percentag e will have a genetic con dition diag nosed later in life.
With intensive care, more newborns with birth defects will survive. It is important
therefore to develop a consistent approach to the diagnosis and care of these infants. The first step is to develop a method of classifying the type of problem seen.
An understanding of the terminology is essential.
Classification and definition
A. DEFORMATION. An abnormal form, shape or position of a part of
the body caused by mechan ical forces.
B. DISRUPTION. A morphological defect of an organ, or a larger region
of the body resulting from the extrinsic breakdown of, or an interference with, a n originally normal developmental proc e ss.
C. MALFOR MATION. A morphological defec t of an organ, or a larger
region of the body resulting from an intrinsically abnormal developmental process.
D. DYSPLAS IA. An abnormal o rganization of cells i nto tissu e(s) and its
morpholog ical result(s).
E. SYNDROME. A pa ttern of anomalies thought t o be pathogenetically
related and not known to represent a single sequence or a polytopic
field defect.
21. Read the text and underline any points that are new or surprised you:
DOWN’S SYNDROME
Dr. Benda’s contributions to the study of mongolism (Down’s syndrome), which
are based on personal observation of over 1,000 patients, are well known. His first
book, Mongolism and Cretinism, was published in 1946 and was followed by a
second edition under the title The Child with Mongolism, appeared in 1960. The
present revised edition includes much material previously published and adds several new observations.
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Down’s syndrome represents a “decelerated development” and an “arrest of
nutrition
питание, пища
breast milk
грудное молоко
breastfeeding
вскармливание грудью
adequate
соответствующий
influence
влиять, влияние
feeding
питание, кормление
state
состояние
early
ранний
feature
особенность, характерная черта
colostrum
молозиво
mammary gland
молочная железа
produce
вырабатывать, продуцировать
differentiation” of most systems of he body.
Almost one third of the book is devoted to pathological changes of the cen-
tral nervous system and endocrine glands. The author describes and illustrates profusely a characteristic pathological picture which in his opinion consists of “severe” loss of neurons, “striking pathology” of myelin, malformations of the central
nervous system, particularly of the spinal cord, “profoundly abnormal” thyroid and
other endocrine gla nds. Degen eration of the liver was also found in the majo rity of
the patients. These striking pathological changes are of considerable interest but
require confirmation since they are not generally shared by other pathologists.
Unit 8. Nutrition
1. Read and trans l at e the wor d s:
nutrient
state of health
питательное вещество; питательный
состояние здоровья
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transitional
переходный, промежуточный
avoid
избегать
acid
fatty acids
кислота
retina
сетчатка
unlike
в отличие от
1) the adrenal gland
a) в соответствии с
2) not to be capab le to synthes ize smth.
b) кроме того
3) fatty acids
c) влияние инфекций
4) to avoid dysbacteriosis
d) особенность метаболизма
жирные кислоты
amino acids
аминокислоты
2. Translate the word combinations with the given key-words:
nutrition: the best nutrition for the baby, basic nutrition, good balanced nutrition.
Breastfeeding is the best nutrition for your baby.
influence: influenced, influen cing, to influence baby’s growth, to influence development of baby’s brain; influence on one’s growth and development, influence on
one’s life
adequate: an adequate treatment, adequate conditions, to provide adequate growth
and development, adequate nutrition
produce: produced, producing, to produce after childbirth, to produce nutrient
substances, to produce transitional milk
3. Read and translate t he followin g word-combinations:
1) at early stages of development, 2) to create necessary conditions, 3) a sterile
stomach of the newborn, 4) to contain a plenty of enzymes, hormones, antibodies,
5) to define a state of health, 6) the immu ne status, 7) eye retina, 8) an irreplaceable substance, 9) unlike cow’s milk, 1 0) balanced diet.
4. Match Russian and Engl ish equiva lents:
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5) to become mature
e) быть неспособным синтезировать
что-либо
6) in accordance with one’s needs
f) внешние факторы
7) the feature of the m e tab ol ism
g) жирные кислоты
8) the influence of infections
h) избегать дисбактериоза
9) external factors
i) надпочечник
10) besides
j) становиться зрелым
5. Translate into English the follo wing word-combinations:
1) сбалансированная диета, 2) влиять на развитие нервной системы, 3) важ-
ные условия, 4) избегать инфекционных заболеваний, 5) характерная черта
аминокислот, 6) соответствующие питательные вещества, 7) вырабатывать
молозиво, 8) в отличие от взрослых, 9) в соответствии с рекомендациями, 10)
ранняя стадия дисбактериоза.
6. Read and translate t he given words:
a) produce, producing, produced, producer, product, producible, production, productive, productivity, b) nutrition, nutrient, nutritionist, nutritious, nutritive, c)
adequate, adequacy, inadequate, d) to balance, balance, balanced (p.p.), balanced
(a), balancer.
7. Translate the following sentenc es:
1. The only natural, physiological food for babies in their first five-six
months is maternal milk. 2. Human milk contains more fats and lactose and much
less proteins and salts than animal milk. 3. The structure of maternal milk changes
in process of baby’s growth. 4. The feature of human milk is the structure of its
proteins, fats, complex amino acids and compounds. 5. Biologically active connections and such protective factors as enzymes, hormones and antibodies influence growth and formation of the immune status. 6. Besides breast milk provides
the infant with a sufficient amount of vitamins (A, B, C) necessary for stimulation
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of metabolic process. 7. Antibodies help the infant’s immunity resist childhood infections. 8. The mortality rate among brest-fed infants is much lower than among
bottle-fed ones.
8. Read and translate t he text. Make the plan of the text using key-words:
BREASTFEEDING
Balanced diet of children of the first year of life is one of the major conditions, providing both their adequate growth and development, and resistance to the
influence of infecti ons and other negative external factors. Character of feeding in
the first year of baby’s life substantially defines a state of health, not only at early
age, but also during the subsequent periods of his life.
There is no doubt, that the mother’s milk is the best nutrition for the baby.
Its structure is adequate to the feature of the baby’s metabolism, at early stages of
development. It contains a plenty of biologically active connections and protective
factors (enzymes, hormones, antibodies, etc.), influencing growth and formation of
the immune status of children.
The structure of mother’s milk changes in process of baby’s growth, in accordance with his needs. Colostrum is produced at first time after childbirth, then
mammary glands produce transitional milk and from second-third week maternal
milk becomes mature.
Female milk is specific. It contains the substances promoting development
of baby’s brain, while cow’s or goat’s milk is direct to increase t he weight of the
body, mainly. The colostrum is very important. It’s rich in vitamins, enzymes,
mineral substances and creates necessary conditions for microbe biocenosis of the
intestines (useful biologic bacteria). Just the colostrums in its pure state will help
avoid dysbacterios is. Besides the colostrum is ideally for a sterile stomach of the
newborn, as milk, on its own structure , is very close to tiss ue of the newborn.
There are a lot of fatty acids in mother’s milk, which are necessary for construction and adequate functioning of biologic membranes, formation of the brain
and eye retina. Unlike the cow’s milk, there is elevated quantity of cysteine and
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taurine (amino acids) and less quantity of methionine in the breast milk. Taurine is
1) following (adj.)
4) affect (v)
necessary for bile’s salt connection and it serves as neurotransmitter and neuromodulator of the development of the central nervous system. Children are not capable
to synthesize taurine, but this is an irreplaceable substance, and its absence or inadequate quantity cause irreversible damage to development of the brain and immune system, to the eye’s retina and the adrenal glands.
9. Answer the questions using the text:
1. What does balan ce d die t pro v ide ch il dre n of the first year of life with?
2. What’s the best nutrition for the b aby? Why?
3. How does maternal milk change i n the process of baby’s growth?
4. What is the difference between human milk and cow’s or goa t’s milk?
5. What is the colostrum? Describe its features.
6. What is the significance of fatty acids?
7. What can you tell about taurine ?
10. Give the English e quivalents:
1) сопротивляемость влиянию внешних факторов, 2) увеличивать вес, 3) вы-
зывать необратимые повреждения, 4) быть богатым витаминами и фермента-
ми, 5) синтезировать таурин, 6) способствовать развитию мозга, 7) соответст-
вовать особенности детского метаболизма, 8) сетчатка глаза.
11. Give the Russian equivalents:
1) the subsequent periods of his life, 2) a plenty of biologicall y active connections ,
3) t o be direct to, 4) a pure state, 5) construction and adequate functioning of biologic membranes, 6) to serve as neurotransmitter, 7) to be an irreplaceable substance, 8) damage to development of the brain an d the adrenal glands.
12. Find the synonyms for the following words in the texts:
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2) determine (v)
5) in addition to (prep.)
3) increase d (p.p.)
6) impairment (n)
get a good
=
find something at a good price, get value out of a pur-
retail
=
the sale of g oods directly to the customer
soft drink
=
usually a ca rbonated drink like Cola, Sprite, etc.
consumer
=
the one who b uys, the customer
negligible
=
very small or insignif icant
soda
=
soft drink (sometimes c alled soda pop or just pop)
in a nutshell
=
summed up briefly
13. Give the su mmary of the text according to your plan.
14. Read and translate t he text:
Super-Size Sales
America likes things big. Big cars. Big buildings.
Big burgers. Am eric ans al so li ke getting a good
deal. So very often retail outlets or restaura nts offer
large sizes of things for just a little more money than
a medium size or a small size. For instance, if you
go to a movie theater in the United States, you’ll find
a small soft drink costs about $2, a medium $2.25, a
large $2.50. A super-size or jumbo size—much bigger—costs $2.75.
So, the consumer thinks, “Well, it’s only a little more for the largest size.”
The busines s thinks, “ We’ve already made the sale, so why not try for a little more
money.” The cost to them of that ex tra soda is negligible.
That, in a nutshel l, is the super-size philo s ophy.
Vocabulary Notes:
deal
chase
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15. Discuss the following item s:
copy (v)
damage
gain (e.g. weight or
go on a diet
obesity
fitness
irresponsible
nutrition
organ
overweight
pedometer
soft drink
1. Do you like f ast food? At w hat fast food places do you like to e at?
2. What do you think would happen to you if you ate only fast food?
3. Do you thi nk Americans are fat? If s o, why are they fat?
16. Listen to a short talk that reveals the basic s of an experiment cond ucted
by Morgan Spurlock. Answer the questions:
1. What was the goal of Spurlock’s experiment?
2. How often did he plan to eat at McDonald’s?
3. For how long?
4. What were the three rules he planned to follow?
17. Predicting the Results of the Experiment
Now that you know about Spurlock’s plan, you can predict the results. Work in
pairs or small groups. Compare and discuss:
1. Do you thi nk anything happened t o Spurlock physically? What? Explai n
some of the p ossible results.
2. Spurlock made a film about his experiment. What do you think the r eaction
from McDona ld’s was? Consider the several approaches the public relations
section at the McD on ald’ s c or po rat i on could take. What are they?
18. Before you read the t ext, make sure you u nderstand the following terms:
pounds)
Take the abo ve vocabulary phrases and put them into the blanks below. You may
need to chan ge the form of the term . Once you have done that, you can listen to
the text to check your answers.
159
19. Listening Comprehension.
Super-Size Me Film
By Jerilyn Watson
American M osaic, Voice of America, July 14, 2003
On our show this week: Summer camps for adults, and a question about the musical life of Leonard Bernstein. But f irst, we have the story of a man who (1 )
__________ no one should (2) __________.
HOST: What would it be like to e at fast food for
every meal? A young filmmaker decided to find out.
His new movie is called “Super Size Me.” Shep
O’Neal tells us abo u t it.
ANNCR: Health experts are concerned that tw o out
of three American adults are (3) __________. There
has been an increase in diseases linked to ( 4) __ ___ __ _ __. Many Americans eat
foods that have too much fat and suga r. And they do not exercise enough. Reports
say that at least twenty-five perce nt of American adults ea t fast food every day.
And McDonald’s is the l argest fast food company in the world.
So filmmaker Morgan Spurlock wanted to find ou t the effects of eating nothing but
fast food at Mc Donald’s three times a da y for a month. H e followed three rules. He
could only eat what was sold at McDonald’s. H e had to eat every food at least
once. And he would ord er the largest size French fries and soft drink only if the
server offered. McDonald’s called these food s “supersize.” That is why Mister
Spurlock named the movie “Super Size Me.”
Three doct ors and a (5) __________ expert examined Mister Spurlock before, during and afte r his eating experiment. They did many test s of his blood and
the workings of his major ( 6) __________. At the beginning, he was in excellent
160
physical condition. He traveled to several American cities and many McDona ld’s
restaurants. He ate Egg McMuffins, Big Ma c hamburger sandwiches, Chicken
McNuggets, French fries, (7) __________ and other foo ds every day. And he did
not exercise. The doctors became very concerned about Mister Spurlock’s health.
At the end of the month, he had (8) ____ ______ m ore than eleven kilograms. His
blood pressure increased. The cholesterol i n his blood was too high. A nd his liver
was (9) __________ from eating too many fatty foo ds.
Mister Spurlock’s film also appears to have had an effect on McDonal d’s.
The movie won an award for directing at the Sundance Film Festival in January.
Less than two months later, McDonald’s said it would stop selling
supersize meals. Recently, it started selling special Ha ppy Meals
for adults. These include a salad, bottled water and a (10)
__________ for measuring how far a person walks. McDonald’s
also issued a statement about “Super Size Me.” It said the movie is
about one person’s decision to act ( 11) ________ __ by eating too many calories a
day and limiting phys ical activity. It said McDonald’s offers many kinds of hig hquality food choices. It also said McDonald’s is working with experts on nutrition
and (12) __________.
20. Group Project: Pitching Your Own Documentary
Can one person or one film make a difference? Spur lock has basically made
a one-man-film. He conducts an experiment on himself and monitors the results.
And yet this small project got the attention of the M cDonald’s corporation and influenced th em enough to change the way they think about their produc t.
In a group, you are going to design your own documentary film. You will
need time to brainstorm ideas. You want a project like Spur lock’s—though less
dangerous—t hat could be filmed ver y cheaply within your own c ity or community.
Find a project that is intended to open people’ s eyes about some local problem.