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it is not always possible to detect heart defects (particularly mild ones) using a fetal
echocardiography.
Postnatal Diagnosing
If a baby is born with cyanotic heart disease, a diagnosis can usually be
made quickly and confidently due to the distinctive blue colour of their skin. If a
baby is born with acynotic heart disease, their symptoms may not become immediately apparent for several moths, or possibly years, after birth. In some types of
acynotic heart disease, symptoms are not apparent until a child reaches three years
of age.
Possible signs that a child may have acynotic heart disease include:
• feeding prob lems,
• slow growth,
• shortness of breath af ter exercising,
• tiredness after exercising, and
• swelling of their hands, feet and an kles.
25. Read the text and give its annotation:
Further Testing
Echocardiogram
This test, which is harmless and painless, uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your child’s heart. During an echocardiogram, reflected sound waves
show the structure of the heart. The test allows the doctor to clearly see any problem with the way the hear t is forme d, and the way it’s working.
An echocardiogram is an important test for both diagnosing a heart problem
and following the problem over the time. In children with congenital heart defects,
an echocardiogram will outline the problems with the heart structure and show
how the heart is reacting to these problems. The echocardiogram will help your
child cardiologist if and what treatment is needed.
During pregnancy, if your doctor suspects that your baby has a congenital
heart defect a special test called a fetal echocardiogram can be done. If your child
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is diagnosed with a congenital heart defect before birth, your doctor can plan
treatment be fore the baby is born.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
An ECG detects and records the electrical activity of the heart. An ECG
show how fas t the heart is beating and whether t he heart rhy thm is steady or irregular. It can also detect if one of the heart chambers is enlarged, which can help diagnose a heart problem.
Chest X-ray
A chest x-ray takes a picture of the heart and lungs. It may reveal cardiac enlargement and aortic dilation. It also assesses pulmonary circulation and shows
whether the lungs have extra blood or fluid, which can be a sign of heart failure.
Pulse Oximetry
Pulse oximetry shows how much oxygen is in the blood. A sensor is places
on the child’s fingertip or toe (like an adhesive bandage). The sensor is attached to
a small computer unit, which displays a number that indicates how much oxygen is
in the blood.
Cardiac catheterization
During cardiac catheterization, a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is
passed through a vein in the arm, groin (upper thigh), or neck to reach the heart. A
dye that can be seen on an x-ray is injected through the catheter into a blood ve ssel
or a chamber of the heart. This al lows the doctor to see the flow of blood through
the heart and bloo d vess el s.
Cardiac catheterization also can be used to measure the pressure inside the
heart and blood vessels and to determine whether blood is mixing between the two
sides of the heart. It’s also used to repair some heart defects.
26. Read the text and m ake its abstract with the key words:
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Treating Congenital Heart Disease
There are a number of different surgical techniques that can be used to treat
congenital he ar t dis ea se.
Catheters
A catheter, similar to the tube that is used during diagnosis, is inserted into
the heart, and tools are passed down the catheter to repair the heart defect. The advantage of this type of surgery is that it is non-invasive, which means that a child
will not have to have a major surgica l incision ( cut) made in their chest.
Open heart surge ry
For more serious type of heart defects, it may be necessary to operate directly on the heart. During open heart surgery, the heart will be stopped and a machine
used to pump blood around a child’s body. An incision is made in a child’s chest
so that the heart defects can be surgically repaired damaged parts of the heart, such
as the valves, can be replaced.
Heart transplant
In the most serious cases of congenital heart disease, it may be necessary to
remove the damaged heart and replace it with a healthy heart that has been donated
by the family of a child who has recently died.
27. Read the text and underline any points that are new or surprised you:
Heart Transplan ts i n Infants and Children
Heart transplantat ion involves replacing a failing he art with a new one (do-
nor heart). Children undergo heart transplantation for two primary reasons - a congenital heart defect or severe malfunction of the heart muscle. Heart transplantation is considered when there are no other medical or surgical options. The hearts
are donated from someone who has suffered an injury resulting in death of his or
her brain, but not the other vital organs and whose family has agreed to make the
heart and other organs available for donation. Many children who receive heart
transplants live years longer than they otherwise would have and have an excellent
quality of life.
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Children who need heart trans plants are placed on a waiting lis t ad minis tered
by a national agency called United Network of Organ Shar ing (UNOS). The waiting time for a heart can range from days to months (even more than a year) and depends on multiple factors including size, blood type, and whether the patient is
hospitaliz ed on in tra v en ou s hear t m edic a ti on s.
The Pretransplant Work -Up
A transplant team is responsible for assessing whether you are
heart transplant candidate.
Members of the Transplant Team:
• Cardiologist
• Cardiovascular surgeon
• Transplant coordinator
• Social work er
• Dietitian
• Psychiatrist
Specific preoperative tests assess whether any other treatment
for you and to ensure that you are physically
a suitable
options exist
capable of having a transplant. These
tests may include a coronary
cardiogram and a cardiopulmonary study (a stress
and a metabolic cart to measure
are done
to look for other medical problems that may make a transplant impossible;
your kidney and liver functions are measured, the
hepatitis) is determ ined, and
angiogram (a dye test of the heart arteries), an echo-
test using a bicycle or treadmill
oxygen use). Different blood, urine, and x-ray tests
presence of infection (such as
bone densi ty is assessed.
Waiting for Your Heart Transplan t
Once on the waiting list, you will receive a pager so that you
tacted when a heart becomes available. It is important
can be con-
to answer the pager imme-
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diately and go to the hospital as soon as possible. When the transplant program notifies you that a heart is available,
2 hours of
receiving the call. When you arrive, a team of doctors and nurses will
you are expected to arrive at the hospital within
prepare you for surgery.
The Heart Transplant
Once the heart has been deemed suitable, you will be taken to
room, where surgery will take about 4 hours. During
chine will be used to give the blood
the surgeon works
on your heart. Most of the old heart is removed and the new one
oxygen for use in the rest of your body while
the operation, a bypass ma-
the operating
is attached to the incoming and outgoing blood vessels After the surgery, you will
be in the cardiovascular
breath,
and you will have tubes in your chest to drain fluid around your lungs and
intensive care unit. Initially, a ventilator will help you
heart. Once you wake up and are able to breathe
tubes will be removed. You will
pain medications
either intravenously or by mouth. As you recover, you will be
have some pain after the surgery and will receive
adequately, the ventilator and
transferred to a step-down unit and then to a re gular room.
While in hospital, frequent blood tests, including those measuring
vels, electrolytes, and kidney function are performed.
watching for po ssible posttransplant
tion of the heart.
You will have several hea rt biopsies after the transplant to monitor
complications, including infection and rejec-
The transplant team will be
for rejection.
Medications
Many medications are required after the transplant, each with
drug le-
a specific purpose. There are medications to lower rejection
to treat cholesterol (statins),
cations
to treat high blood pressure and other complications that may occur after
medications to prevent infection, and sometimes medi-
(immunosuppressants), medications
transplant. All medications have potential side effects Serious
side effects may in-
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clude an increased risk of infections, diabetes, osteoporosis (thinning of the bones),
acquired infe c tion
приобретенная инфекция
direct contact
прямой контакт
causative agent
Возбудитель
pathogenic microorganism
патогенный (болезнетворный) микроорганизм
vaccine
Вакцина
inoculation
Прививка
innate immunity
врожденный иммунитет
to penetrate
Проникать
communicable, conta-
заразный, инфекционный
high blood pressure, kidney
disease, and the development of cancer. Avoid direct
sunlight and remember to cover up and wear sun block to lower the risk of skin
cancer.
Going Home
After leaving hospital, take 1 day at a time and increase your
ly over the following 6 to 8 weeks. You should watch
tion, including fever, sore throat,
cold sores, flu-like
symptoms, or redness, swelling, or drainage from your incision.
shortness of breath, cough, change in sputum,
for possible signs of infec-
activities slow-
If any of these develop, you should contact your transplant center as soon as possible. Be careful handling animals and
of the risk of
infection. Signs of rejection include shortness of breath, weight gain,
do not clean litter boxes or birdcages because
fever, and fatigue. The only way to diagnose rejection
cardiologic al follow-up with
your physician is mandatory.
Unit 5. Infectious Diseases of Childhood
1. Read and learn the words by heart:
is by heart biopsy. Regular
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gious, infectious
measles
Корь
whooping cough
Коклюш
mumps
Свинка
quinsy
Ангина
scarlet fever
Скарлатина
chickenpox
ветряная оспа (ветрянка)
smallpox
Оспа
period of decline
период спада (болезни)
convalescence
Выздоровление
suppurative
гнойный, гноеродный
resistance
Сопротивляемость
exposure
подвергание, выставление
to spread, to disseminate
распространять(ся)
2. Translate the word combinations with the gi ven key-words:
infection: acute infection; viral infection; gonococcus infection; childhood infec-
tion; acquired infection by direct contact; acquired infection by indirect contact;
chronic infec ti on
vaccine: live vaccine; dead vaccine; modifie d vac c ine ; vir us va c cin e
inoculation: prophylactic inoculation; artificial inoculation; inoculation against in-
fectious dise as e; ful l co ur se of in oc ul at io n
immunity: natural immunity; acquired immunity; temporary passive immunity;
immunity against contagious dise ase; active immunity; innate im munity
injection: to give intramuscular injection; to give intravenous injection; to give
subcutaneous injection; tuberculin injection; injection against communicable disease
period: incubation (latent) period; prodromal period; invasion period; active period; period of dec li n e
3. Match Russian and English equivalents:
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1) to have a harmful effect on some-
body/something
a) вид инфекции
2) the chief source of infection
b) оказаться ценным в диагностике
3) by direct/indirect contact
c) временный пассивный иммунитет
4) the mode of infection
d) оказать вредное влияние на кого-
5) to remove a quarantine
e) проникать через ссадину или ра-
6) to penetrate through an abrasion or
f) основной источник инфекции
7) pyogenic bacteria
g) способность организма сопро-
8) the pathologic material withdrawn
h) четко определенные фазы (ста-
9) to prove of great diag no st ic val ue
i) патологический материал, взятый
10) clearly defined stages
j) гноеродные бактерии
11) temporary passive immunity
k) посредством прямого/непрямого
12) the capacity of the body to resist
l) снять карантин
wound
либо/что-либо
ну
тивляться инфекции
from the body
дии)
из организма
контакта
infection
4. Translate into Russian the following word-combinations:
1) the most common sources of infection; 2) become contaminated; 3) according to
specific way of invasion; 4) to be disseminated; 5) to be spread thro ugh the respiratory tract; 6) to identify the causative agent; 7) pathological material withdrawn
from the body; 8) the characteristic feature; 9) a specific capacity; 10) setting up a
hygienic atmosphere.
5. Translate into English the follo wing word-combinations:
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1) основной источник инфекции; 2) во время кашля; 3) проникать через сса-
дины и раны; 4) период спада (болезни); 5) естественный и приобретенный
иммунитет; 6) профилактические меры; 7) вакцинация; 8) возбудитель; 9) ос-
ложнения; 10) снизить смертность.
6. Read and translat e the given words:
1) to occur – occurrence, occ urrent, occ urred, occurring;
2) to infect – infecting, infected, infection, infectious, infective;
3) to suppurate – suppurated, suppurating, suppurative, suppuration;
4) to vaccinate – vaccinated, vaccinating, vaccine, vaccination;
5) to cause – cause, caused, causing, causative;
6) to immunize – immune (adj.), immunity, immunization, immunodeficiency,
immunology, immunotherapy;
7) to resist – resistance, resistan t, resistible, resistive, resistless.
7. Translate the following sentenc es:
1. The wound was infected with bacteria. 2. We must isolate the patient to
prevent the spreading of the infection. 3. There are still a lot of children to be vaccinated. 4. T he medicine to be prescribed is abso lutely harmless. 5. We know many
infectious diseases to be caused by bacteria. 6. The new vaccine against diphtheria
is reported to be used successfully. 7. To prevent the spread of infection the children were isolated. 8. If no actio n were taken infection may enter the bod y through
skin cuts or abrasions or the eyes, it may also be swallowed. 9. Any method which
kills bacteria and fungi but allows some spores or viruses to survive cannot be
called sterilization. 10. The Russian biologist I.Mechnikov concluded that the purpose of inflammation was to bring phagocytic cells to the injured area to engult invading bacteria. 11. If there has been no vaccination or prior exposure to disease,
acquired immunity is not present. 12. If an infection is too virulent, or the body resistance too weak, the white cells are unable to contain the infection and it can
spread throu gho ut th e body .
100
8. Read and translate t ext I. Make the plan of th e text using key-words.
Text I. INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CHILDHOOD
Infectious diseases are known to be caused by the invasion and growth of microorganisms in the human body. The most common sources of infection in medical practice are direct contact with a patient’s blood and saliva, consequently instruments and equipment used in the treatment become contaminated, the chief
source of infect i on be in g dire ct or indir e ct c onta c t wi th the pat ie nt himself.
According to specific way of invasion contagious diseases may be classified into four groups. Intestinal infections composing the first group are disseminated
principally by the intestinal discharges, such as dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera
etc. During coughing or talking infection is spread through the respiratory tract.
The diseases of this group are diphtheria, smallpox and others. Infectious diseases
in which the infecting organism penetrates through an abrasion or wound of the
skin or mucous membranes are septicemia, gonococcus infection, toxemia etc. The
diseases of the fourth group are spread by living insects. All these diseases, of
which ence phalitis is a n example, a re called blo od infections.
In order to identify the causative agent bacteriological studies are performed
which help to detect such microorganisms by direct examination under the microscope of the patient’s blood, urine, stools, sputum or any pathological material
withdrawn from the body. The direct identification of the infecting agent being impossible, the proper te st is used.
The characteristic feature of acute infectious diseases is their cyclic course.
There are clearly defined stages in the course of infectious diseases: incubation (latent period), prodromal period, invasion period, active period, period of decline,
convalescence.
The human organism is known to have a specific capacity of resistance against
infection, which is called immunity, it being natural and artificial. It is provided by
certain white blood cells which release antibodies and antitoxins into the blood