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6. Translate the following sentenc es:
1. In recent times, the federal government has employed several different tactics in
its attempt to safeguard public health. 2. Vast sums were also poured into new hospital’s facilities. 3. The most significant contributions the government makes to
health care, at least in dollars, are the Medicare and Medicaid programs. 4. Medicare assists the elderly and disabled; Medicaid helps the poor. 5. Patients may
choose the doctor they wish , provided only that he is enrolled in the Service (при
условии, что он состоит на государственной службе) and that he agrees to attend them. 6. It a serious illness develops or diagnosis is difficult the whole team of
health professionals come into action. 7. There are both government-financed and
private hospitals in the USA. 8. The emergency patients are provided with free
medical care. 9. Hospitals and clinics are staffed by consulting physicians, residents, interns and hig hly skilled nurses. 10. Con sulting hours are by appointment in
the consultin g rooms.
7. Read and translate t he text. Make the plan of the text using key-words.
Text A. Health Care in the USA
The health care system in the USA exists on three levels: the level of the family
doctor, the medical institution or hospital and the United States Public Health Service.
A private doctor or a family doctor gives his patients regular examinations and
inoculations. In case professional care is needed, the family doctor arranges for the
patient to see a specialist or to go to a hospital. The family doctor receives pay directly from the patient. Most physicians have private practices. They make use of
the hospital’s facilities whenever necessary. A family doctor either has his own
private office or works with several other doctors in a so-c al le d gr ou p pra ct ice .
Many Americans have no family doctor and they come directly to the hospital
for all their medical needs. The hospital provides health care to the sick and in-
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jured. There are government-financed and private hospitals in the USA. The patients are admitted to hospitals or clinics staffed by consulting physicians, residents, interns and highly skilled nurses. The nursing staff is very important. Nurses
and patients are in close contact throughout the patients’ stay in the hospital. Social
services are available to the patients and families regarding personal, emotional,
and financial problems that may arise from continued illness or disabilities.
Most hospitals have at least the following major departments or units: surgery,
obstetrics and gynaecology, pediatrics and general medicine. They may also have
trauma intensive care units, neurosurgical and renal care units, and a psychiatric
unit. The Emergency Room (unit) is a very special area in the hospital. The emergency patients receiv e immediate attention .
Medical care in the USA is very expensive. Two thirds of the population have
private health insura nce. Some people have he alth insurance, life insurance (financial assista nce for the relatives in case of death), disability insurance and retirement
benefits at their place of employment. Most employees and their families now pay
more than 50 per cent of the cost of he alth insur a nce.
The great cost of medical care in the country and the great number of people
who could not pay for it forced the federal government to develop two health insurance programs – Medicaid and Medicare. Medicaid, started in 1966, is a federal
program providing free medical care for low-income people, the aged, the blind
and for dependent children. Medicare, started in 1967, is a federal program providing free medical care for disabled and aged Americans over 65, for those who in
the past had the grea te st medical expenses.
The chief scientific problems facing American medicine are the same as those
facing Russian medicine, they are heart disease and cancer. The chief causes of
suffering and death today are cancer and cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, stroke and atherosclerosis. Also much medical research is done on illnesses of aging, disabilities caused by arthritis, mental illness, drug addiction, and
genetic prob lems.
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8. Answer the questions using the text:
1. What levels does the health care system in the USA exist on?
2. What are the main duties of a family doctor?
3. What kinds of hospit als are there in America?
4. Who comprises the sta ff of hospitals or clinics in the USA?
5. What departments do American hospitals have?
6. How many people have private health insurance?
7. What kinds of health insurance do people have?
8. Why did the federal government develop two health insurance programs?
What are they?
9. What is Medicare? Wha t is Medica id?
10. What can you say about s cientific problems facing American medicine?
9. Translate word com binations into English us ing active vocabulary:
1. система здравоохранения Америки; 2. регулярный осмотр; 3. поступать в
больницу; 4. медицинское обслуживание доступно пациентам; 5. продолжительное заболевание; 6. отделение неотложной помощи; 7. оказывать
медицинскую помощь пострадавшим; 8. пенсионные выплаты; 9. место
работы; 10. частное медицинское страхование; 11. включая гипертонию и
инсульт; 12. нетрудоспособность, вызванная артритом
10. Tell about work of the family doctor in the USA using the following word
combinations:
private doctor, family doctor, to give regular examinations, professional care, to
arrange for the patient to see a specialist, to make use of hospital facilities, private
office, group pra c t ice
11. Replace the word combinations in bold type with active vocabulary.
Translate the sentences:
1. A private physician gives his patient s r eg ula r exa minations and inoc u la ti on s.
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2. The family doctor arranges for the patient to go to an out-patient department.
3. They make use of the hospital’s equipment and apparatus whenever neces-
sary. 4. The hospital gives medical aid to the sick and wounded. 5. Clinics are
staffed by consulting doctors, residents, interns and experienced nurses. 6. The
Emergency Room is a very special area in the hospital. 7. The federal government
worked out two health insurance programs. 8. The main scientific problems in
America are cancer and heart diseases. 9. Medical scientific investigation is done
on illness of aging, disabilities triggered by arthritis, mental illness, drug addiction, and genetic problems. 10. The emergency patients receive quick attention.
12. Agree or disagree. Use the given expressions:
Exactly. (I’m afraid) I don’t think that is
Yes, I think that… correct…
I (quite) agree. (I’m afraid) I can’t agree with the fact that…
I think so. (I’m afraid) I don’t think you are right…
Certainly. I disagree (wit h you).
I suppose so (it is, he do es). Not at all.
That’s true. On the contrary.
Quite so. Nothing of the kind.
Vice versa.
1. A private doctor should give injections. 2. Medicaid is a federal program, which
provides free medical care for the poor, the aged, the blind and for children under
eighteen. 3. Medicaid is a federal program, which provides free medical care for
aged Americans over sixty five. 4. Most employees and their families have to pay
for their health insurance. 5. Many people in America have health insurance, life
insurance, disability insurance and retirement benefits at their place of work. 6.
The chief scientific problems facing American medicine are cancer and cardiovas-
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cular diseases. 7. Medical research is done on pediatric illness. 8. Genetic problems, me ntal illness and drug addiction are studied by me dical scientists.
13. Give the summary of the text A according to your p lan.
14. Find modal verbs a nd their equivalents in the following sentences. Trans-
late these sentences:
1. A family doctor must give regular examinations and inoculations. 2. In a severe
case a family doctor should send the patient to a specialist. 3. Patient may choose
their family doctor. 4. This boy should stay at home as his leg still aches. 5. Future
doctors must know anatomy very well. 6. This patient can walk as his injury is not
bad. 7. The patient may walk as the doctor has allowed. 8. The patient was able to
fall sleep after taking the medicine. 9. We had to summarize and analyse all the
findings of our investigation. 10. The fifth-year students will be allowed to operate
on the patients by themselves.
15. Insert m odal verbs or their equiv alents:
1. Poor hygiene … lead to infection. 2. The doctor … determine the origin of th e
disease for its successful treatment. 3. The doctor … reveal the consolidation in the
lung by the X-ray examination. 4. The scientist … observe a rapid growth of microorganisms under the microscope. 5. His constant tiredness … impair his heart.
6. We … to examine him immediately. 7. One … remember that most viruses are
destroyed at the temperature of 50 – 60 ºC within 30 – 60 minutes. 8. The nurse …
give intravenous injections to that patient in two hours. 9. A patient with hypertension … to follow a definite course of treatment. 10. The doctor … know all the
properties of a drug b e fore he gi ve s it to th e patie n t.
16. Put the verb in brackets in the correct form. Translate the sentences into
Russian:
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1. It is necessary (take) this medicine after meals. 2. The heart muscle (nourish) by
coronary arteries. 3. Lymph (pass) through the lymphatic glands. 4. The heart wall
(compose) of two layers. 5. The blood pressure measurement method (be) very
simple. 6. Prevention of diseases (be) the main principle of health care. 7. Smoking
and hypertension (be) two major risk factors for heart disease. 8. You were shown
a new children’s hospital which (set up) not long ago. 9. Last week a severe attack
of influenza (follow) by pneumonia. 10. The pediatrician’s questions (answer) by
the patients in de ta il.
17. Read and translate text I.
Text I. Medical Service in the USA
The provision of medical and health care is one of the largest indust ries in
the United States. America n hospitals are in gene ral wel l-equipped and efficient,
and doctors earn incomes far above the general average. For anyone who is ill,
the cost of treatment is very high. There are many inadequacies in medical services, particularly in rural and poor areas. About one-sixth of the population , including members of the armed forces and their families, receive medical care
paid for or subsidized by the federal government. Many people are not covered
by any form of health insurance.
The federal Department of Health and Human Services through its National
Institutes of Health supports much of the biomedical research in the United
States. Grants are made also to re searchers in clinics and medical schools.
18. Read text II. Entitle it. Give summary.
Text II
In the early part of the t wentieth century, diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites were the leading causes of death in the United States because modern sanitation, public health methods , and antibiotic drugs had not
been developed. Because people did not have the considerable health knowledge we now possess, it was not possible for them to prevent many illnesses,
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and for those who became ill, there was usually little that could be done to help.
In 1918, millions of people died from a worldwide influenza epidemic that ran
its course virtually unabated. Now, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS) is killing thousands of people and no cure is in sight. Despite modern
medical technologies infectious diseases still have not been conquered.
Several studies have shown that people tend to visit ph ysicians when they
are psychologically unwell, whether or not they are suffering from something
that a physician can diagnose as a particular disease. Many studies show that 50
percent or more of the people doctors see as outpatients have no discernible illness. Rather, such patients are experiencing some life situation that is making
them feel bad and that may even be producing symptoms such as an upset
stomach, diarrhea, insomnia, low energy, headaches, or loss of appetite. Yet a
physical examination reveals no underlying physical problem. The sick feelings and the sympto ms are the result of an emotionally upsetting life situation,
not the result of a disease. In their attempt to get help, these people visit the
doctor.
Certain habits of living are also associated with the most common causes of
death. Most of the major causes of death in the United States, Canada, and
other industrialized nations are chronic such as heart disease, cance r, di abet es,
and cirrhosis of the liver. These diseases are caused by particular behaviors
or living practices. For example, a sedentary life-style, emotional stress, high
blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and obesity all increase the risk of developing heart disease and diseases of the blood vessels.
Traditionally, we have depended on doctors and other trained health practi-
tioners to help us get well when we are sick.
19. Read text III and answer the question: “Why do many people smoke
and drink?” Express your own opinion.
Text III. Avoid Destructive Habits
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Smoking tobacco and drinking excessive amounts of alcoholic beverages are
two of the most destructive habits in U.S. society today as far as maintaining
health and preventing accidents, suicides, and disease are concerned. Many
people smoke and drink to excess because of stress reduction, the need to escape from worries, persistent, and persuasive advertising to manufacturers of tobacco and alcoholic products, and social pressures.
Most people growing up in the cultu re of th e United St ates today w ill have
many occasions to engage in smoking and drinking, and many people will experiment with other kinds of recreational drugs, such as marijuana, amphetamines, or cocaine. Millions will become habituated or addicted to legal
drugs – tranquilizers to reduce anxiety, antidepressants, and sedatives for
pain and sleep. Repeated or excessive use becomes a dangerous habit, which
eventually can result in loss of health and in sickness.
20. Read text IV. Give an abstract. Translate the large passage in written
form.
Text IV. Life-Style – The Key to Health
In this country there are basically two opposing, and perhaps in a practical
sense, irreconcilable views of how to achieve the most health for the American
people. The first view advocates that every person is entitled to medical care and
should be protected financially so that everyone can afford the medical care he or
she needs. This view also advocates frequent medical consultations, routine
physical exams, and treatment with drugs and surgery for any diseases that
are discovered. This approach to health care places most of the responsibility
for health squarely on the shoulders of the health care industry – physicians,
nurses, hospitals, pharmaceutical companies, insurance companies, and government agencies. This view of health accepts the idea that the responsibility for
maintaining health lies outside ourselves. This view maintains additionally that
health can be purchased, legislated, and delivered in the form of medical prod-
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ucts and medical care. The principal fault of this view is that it primarily deals
with disease after sickness has occurred.
The other view emphasizes that a person's health is primarily the responsibili-
ty of the individual and that the goal is the prevention of disease and sickness.
This does not mean that the first view is wrong – even if you accept the idea
that each person has the primary responsibility for maintaining his or her
health, individuals still require medical insurance to pay for medical care when
they become sick. Medical checkups can sometimes be beneficial, and people
should utilize to the fullest the best medical advice and health services that are
available when sickness does occur.
However, much sickness in America today results from destructive personal
habits and life-styles that make people more susceptible to disease and sickness.
Collectively smoking, misuse of alcohol and other drugs, poor dietary habits, lack of
regular exercise, and st ress place enormous burdens on the health and well-being of
many Americans today. Everyone has considerable freedom of choice life-style areas
and the best chance for improving and maintaining lifelong health.
21. Re ad t ext V an d say why p eo ple shou l d be p hys ica lly act ive .
Text V. Be Physically Active
Humans are designed to be physically active, yet our culture today is organized so that most of us are sitting most of the time. We sit at our jobs, we sit at
school, and we sit during recreational activities such as watching TV, reading, or
even going t o concerts or to the theater.
Find ways to be physically active. Jog. Run. Swim. Hike. Participate in
sports. Don't just watch others being active. Stretch your body's muscles with
yoga exercises, or try dancing. Plant a garden, walk in the woods, roll in the
leaves, throw snowballs – remember to play a little every day. Watch how much
fun and pleasure children have running, climbing, rolling, jumping, and just being
active. As people grow older they often forget to be active and forget to play during
each day, and their health declines as a result of the lack of physical activity.
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22. Read text VI and give summary.
Text VI
Hospice, a concept of supportive care for the terminally ill Inspired by
the hospices of the Middle Ages, the modern movement began with the
founding in 1968 of St. Christopher's Hospice in London as an alternative to
the impersonal nature of hospitals and nursing homes as a place to die. The
first American hospice was established in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1971.
It is estimated that there are now 300 hospice programs established or being
planned in the United States. In January 1980, the Department of Health and
Human Services announced it would partic ipate for a 30 -month period in the
continuing development of hospice care programs.
The hospice concept favors the comforting setting of home for the
dying, cared for by fa mily and friends as well as their doctors. The assistance of community agencies such as the Visiting Nurse Association
and volunteers i s provided to families, as well as 24-hour telephone contact
availability. When home care is not possible, institutional – care may
be had in specially built facilities or in units associated with or actually
within existing hospitals. All provide trained personnel and homelike
environments for patients and visitors. Of great i mportance in hospice care
is the management of pain, which can be particularly severe in people dying
of cance r. Special mixtures of pain relievers are given at around-the-clock i ntervals to control pain while keeping the person's mind as clear as possible.
All hospice care is geared chiefly to relief of symptoms – rather than efforts
to cure disease and to helping an individual to die with as much dignity
and peace and as little discomfort as possible. Psychological counseling is
available to the dying and their families, and work to help survivors handle
their grief is the final function of hospice workers.
Plans for the nation's first hospice program exclusively for terminally ill
children were announced in April, 1980, by St. Mary's, a pediatric hospital
in Bay-side, New York. The children will be kept at home as much as