Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык для педиатров.pdf
41
possible, in keeping with the hospice concept. Visiting medical teams will
guide the care given by family and friends and a specially equipped wing
will provide hospital care when that becomes necessary. Emphasis in the hospice facility is to be on a maximum of attentive care and a minimum of regulations. Counseling to help family members cope with the presence of a dying child will also be important in the program.
23. Read text VII and give annotatio n.
Text VII
Hospital, an establishment that provides medical and surgical care or-
dinarily unavailable in a doctor's office. Early in their history, hospitals
(the word derives from the Latin hospes meaning host or guest) were in-
stitutions run by monasteries for the provision of "hospitality" to the
poor, to stricken travelers, to lepers, and to the lame and the blind.
The secularization of hospitals began in England when Henry VIII closed
the monasteries. By the beginning of the eighteenth century, when almshouses began to accommodate the indigent who were permanently disabled or incurably ill, hospitals started to assume some semblance of a
curative role.
There are at present over 7000 hospitals in the United States. Approximately hal f this number have fewer than 100 beds and approximately
5000 supposedl y conform to the standards of safety, clean-liness, bed facilities, essential equipment, laboratories, nurse-patient ratio, respect for patients' rights, and medical and surgical staff laid down by the Joint
Commission on the Accreditation of Hospitals. All hospitals of every
type are eager for this official approval since it practically guarantees that
they will be reimbursed for Medicare and Medicaid patients without additional government inspection. Practically no hospital (unless entirely
supported by rich alcoholics) can continue to operate nowadays without such
funds.
42
Contemporary hospitals may be classified as gen e ral or speci al: those competent to deal with all manner of illnesses both mental and physical or those that
concentrate on a specialty such as eye and ear, or joint diseases, or alcoholism,
or psychiatric institut es.
Hospitals are also classified according to who owns and operates them.
Voluntary hospitals, by far the largest category are run as nonprofit institutions
under the auspices of a university, trade union, religious group, or community
philanthropy. Proprietary hospitals are privately o wned, usually b y the staff doctors who operate them fo r their own profit. City, county, and state hospitals are
financed by local taxes. The complex of services known as a medical center has
become an increasingly vital aspect of community health care. The term is usually
applied to a group of hospitals connected with a university medical school in or
near a big city. In addition to offering the local population emergency facilities
as well as in- and outpatient services, such centers maintain a network of relationships with so cial workers , home care nurses, and special neighborhood programs for the aging.
As hospitals keep pace with advances in medical science and technology,
they perform different functions, providing intensive care facilities, burn treatment
centers, highly specialized diagnostic tests (CAT scanning, angiographs, and the
like), and radiation therapy based on advances in nuclear medicine. More and
more hospitals are becoming affiliated with medical schools. Such affiliations offer
patients the best and quickest application of the newest findings in diagnosis and
treatment because of the constant and prompt evaluation
by the teach ing staff.
Every member of the community is entitled to easy access to emergency
treatment by qualified professionals in a well-equipped hospital setting when the
life of the victim is at stake. And every patient signed into a hospital for a brief
or extended sta y is e nti tl ed to th e s ervi ces o f a court eous and competent nursing
staff in a cle an, safe and uncrowded environment.
43
The National Health Service in the United Kingdom
National Health Service (the
Государственная служба здравоохранения
set up
учреждать, основывать
сover
охватывать
publicly fun ded ser vi c e
общественно финансируемая служба
screening
скрининг (исследование группы бессим-
antenatal screening
антенатальный (пренатальный, дородовый)
end-of-life care
пожизненный уход
general pra ctitioner (GP)
врач общей практики
ambulance staff
персонал (штат) скорой помощи
open-heart surgery
операция на открытом сердце
accident
несчастный случай
accidents and emerge ncy (A&E)
отделение (служба) экстренной (медицин-
1. Read and learn the words by h eart:
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
NHS)
department (service)
птомных больных для выявления лиц с вы-
сокой вероятностью наличия данного забо-
левания)
скрининг
ской) помощи при несчастных и неотлож-
ных случаях
44
free of charge
бесплатно
charge
плата
walk-in centre (WiC)
медицинский сестринский центр (центр, в
котором работают преимущественно мед-
NHS Direct
прямая линия ГСЗ
via
через
illness
заболевание
life expectancy
предполагаемая продолжительность жизни
mortality
смертность
comprise
включать, охватывать; содержать
сёстры и куда может обратиться любой па-
циент без предварительной записи по пово-
ду незначительных травм и заболеваний)
2. Translate the word combinations with the given key-words:
charge: charges for some prescriptions, charges for optical and dental services,
free of charge
via: to provide prima ry care via a local GP , via NHS walk-in centres, via dentist,
pharmacist and optician, to provide information via the Inter net
comprise: comprised, comprising, to comprise all kinds of hospitals, to comprise
sanatoria and rehabilitation centres, to comprise maternity homes and children’s
hospitals
set up: set up, setting up, to set up t he NHS, to set u p a hospital, to set up an outp atient clinic, to set u p a walk-in centre, to set up a m edical insurance company
3. Read and translate the followin g word-combinations:
1) treatment for coughs and colds, 2) from antenatal screening to end-of-life care,
3) to employ more than 1.5 m people, 4) free of charge, 5) advice a nd information
45
24 hours a day, 6) mental hospitals, 7) infant mortality, 8) life expectancy, 9)
1) ambulance st aff
a) первая помощь
2) resident
b) врач общей практики
3) provide a dvice
c) по телефону
4) respiratory disease
d) ведение (консультирование) детей
5) receive from the NHS
e) советы по уходу после рождения
6) survey
f) лечение несчастных и неотложных
7) child guidanc e
g) дать совет
8) postnatal advice
h) получить (помощь) через ГСЗ
9) maternity homes
i) обзор
10) over the telephone
j) персонал скорой помощи
11) accidents and emer gency treatment
k) заболевание дыхательных путей
12) general practitioner
l) житель
13) primary care
m) родильный дом
35,000 gene ral practitioners (GPs), 10) cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses
4. Match Russian and English equivalents:
ребенка
случаев
5. Translate the following word-combinations:
1) психиатрическая больница, 2) охватывать всё, 3) предоставлять первую
помощь через службу врачей общей практики, 4) пользоваться бесплатно, 5)
получать информацию через интернет, 6) житель Соединенного Королевства,
7) врачи и медсестры больниц, 8) включать отделение экстренной помощи, 9)
основать детскую больницу, 10) оплата за услуги стоматолога.
6. Translate the following sentenc es:
1. The National Health Service provides free medical treatment both in hospitals
and outside. 2. You are free to choose a GP in the area you live in and be re gistered
46
on his list. 3. From 1948 till 1951 people in Great Britain didn’t pay for drugs. 4.
At NHS walk-in centres you can see an experienced nurse without an appointment.
5. Centres at the NHS operate from 8:00 am to 10:00 pm, 7 days a week. 6.
Accident and Emergency departments assess and treat patients with serious injuries
or illnesses. 7. If an ambulance is needed, call 999, the emergency phone number
in England. 8. Free emergency medical treatment is given to any visitors from
abroad who become ill while staying in the UK. 9. From April 2008 patients can
choose any NHS hospital in the country to be treated . 10. The NHS employs more
than 1.5 m people. Only the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, the Wal-Mart supermarket chain and the Indian Railways employ more people.
7. Read and translate the text. Make the plan of the text using key-words.
Text A. The National Health Service
The National Health Service (NHS) was set up in 1948 in the UK. It was
born out of an ideal that good health care should be available to all, regardless of
wealth.
Nowadays the NHS is the world’s largest publicly funded health service. It
covers everything from antenatal screening and routine treatment for coughs and
colds to open-heart surgery, accidents and emergency treatment and end-of-life
care. Nationwide, the NHS employs more than 1.5 m people, including some
90,000 hospital doctors, 35,000 general practitioners (GPs), 400,000 nurses and
16,000 am bulance staff.
Anyone who is resident in the UK (more than 60 m people) can use its services free of charge, with the exception of charges for some prescriptions and optical and dental services. Primary care is provided via a local GP, NHS walk-in centres, dentist, pharmacist and optician. NHS Direct is also responsible for providing
health care advice and information 24 hours a day via the Internet and over the telephone.
The Hospital Service comprises different kinds of hospitals, both general
and special (including children’s hospitals, mental hospitals, maternity homes, sa-
47
natoria, rehabilitation centres, etc.). Specialized clinics provide treatment for all
Do you know that for the NHS a typical day includes:
kinds of diseases: cardiovascular, respiratory, mental, orthopaedic and other illnesses, antenatal and postnatal advice and child guidance are also given.
In the UK life expectancy has been rising and infant mortality has been
falling since the NHS was established. Both figures compare favourably with other
nations. Surveys also show that patients are generally satisfied with the care they
receive from the NHS. Importantly, people who have had recent direct experience
of the NHS tend to report being m ore satisfied than people w ho have not.
8. Read addition al i nf orm at i on on the NH S:
■ Over 835,000 people visiting their GP practice or practice nurse
■ Almost 50,000 people visiting accident or emergency departments
■ 49,000 outpatient consultations
■ 94,000 people admitted to hospital as an emergency admission
■ 36,000 people in hospital for planned treatment
■ 28,000 sight tests being carried out
■ 18,000 calls to NHS Direct
9. Answer the questions using the text:
1. When was the NHS set up?
2. What medical treatment does the NHS cover?
3. How many employees does it compr ise?
4. What service s pr ovide primary care?
5. What medical institutions are t here within the Hospital Service?
6. What kinds of diseases are treated in specialized clin ics?
7. Are people satisfied with the care they receive from the NHS?
8. How have life expectancy and infant mortality changed since the establishment of the NHS?
48
10. Translat e the word combinat ions into English using active vocabulary:
1. государственная служба здравоохранения; 2. независимо от богатства; 3. от
лечения кашля и простуды до операции на открытом сердце; 4. круглосуточно; 5. включать различные типы больниц; 6. реабилитационный центр; 7. родильные дома и санатории; 8. служба экстренной медицинской помощи; 9.
врач общей практики; 10. прямая линия государственной службы здравоохранения.
11. Replace the word combinations in bold type with active vocabulary.
Translate the sentences:
1. Any patient will be able to pre-book an appoint ment or simply walk in and see a
doctor or nurse. 2. You can get the information through the Internet. 3. Not all
hospitals have an emergency unit. 4. The NHS was established on 5 July, 1948.
5. The Hospital Service comprises general and special hospitals. 6. Acc ident and
Emergency departments treat patients with serious injuries or diseases. 7. Nurse-
led centres are primary care institutions. 8. Infant death rate has been falling
since the NHS was established.
12. Read and translate the following texts about different types of primary
care services.
Text 1. NHS GPs
Your local general practitioners’ (GP) surgery provides a wide range of family
health serv ices
7
:
■ advice on health problems,
■ vaccinations,
■ examinations and treatment,
■ prescriptions for medicines, and
■ referrals
7
a wide range of health services – широкий спектр медицинских услуг
8
referral – направление (к врачу)
8
to other health services and social services.
49
If your condition is not urgent, you can expect to see a doctor within two
working days or a health professional, such as a nurse, within one working day.
If you don’t need an appointment within two working days, you can also
book in advance if thi s is more con venient to you.
You are free to choose a GP in the area you live in and b e registere d on his
list. The average GP has a little over 2,000 people on his list. Out of his earnings
he must provide a waiting room, a consulting room, a car, and a secretary. It is
usual for thr ee or four GPs to work in group practice.
Text 2. A&E Service
Accident and Emergency departments assess
9
and treat patients with serious
injuries or illnesses. Generally you should visit A&E or call 999 for emergences,
such as:
■ loss of consciousness,
■ pain that is not relieved by simple analgesia,
9
assess- оценивать (состояние больного)
50
■ acute confused state
■ persistent, severe chest pain, or
■ breathing difficulties.
If an ambulance is needed, call 999, the emergency phone number in Eng-
land. You can also dial 112, which is equivalent for the Eur opean Union.
Major A&E departments offer access
10
365 days a year and 24 hours a day.
Not all hospitals have an A&E department. At A&E a doctor or nurse will assess
your condition and decide on further action. These departments try to see, diagnose
and treat 98% of people within four h ours of arrival.
In addition to A&E departments, other services such as walk-in centres and
minor injury units are available. They can treat patients without any appointment.
They deal with minor injuries and illnesses.
Text 3. Walk-in centres
NHS walk-in centres (WiCs) offer convenient access to a range of treatment.
There are about 93 centres in England, dealing with minor illnesses and injuries.
These include:
■ infection and rashes,
■ fractures and lacerations,
■ emergency contraception and advice,
■ stomach upsets,
■ cuts and bruises
11
, and
■ burns and strains.
10
access - доступ
11
bruise – ушиб, синяк